Transcript Slide 1

Chapter 10: Revolution and
Enlightenment
Section 1: The Scientific Revolution
Background to the Revolution:
Middle Ages, scientist relied on a few ancient authorities
like Aristotle but there are several reasons why
philosophers abandoned old views and developed
new ones:
1) Renaissance humanist discovered works by Ptolemy,
Archimedes, and Plato that had disagreed with
Aristotle
2) invention of new instruments like the telescope and
microscope
3) printing press spread ideas
4) the study of mathematics
A.
Revolution in Astronomy:
The Ptolemaic System: A geocentric model of the
universe; earth was fixed and motionless; beyond the
spheres was Heaven, where God and saved souls
resided
Nicholas Copernicus wrote On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres. In the book he introduced the
heliocentric model of the universe, where planets
revolved around the sun, moons revolved around
planets, and apparent movement of the sun was
caused by the earth spinning
Johannes Kepler discovered the laws of planetary
motion. Kepler’s First Law: orbits of planets was
elliptical not circular; sun off-center
– Galileo:
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first to use a telescope: discovered mountains on the
moon, four moons revolving Jupiter, and sunspots.
Wrote The Starry Messenger; said planets were
composed of material substance rather than just orbs
of light; widely read made Europeans aware of the
works of Copernicus and Kepler as well.
Galileo was put on trial for heresy because his writings
threatened church teachings that the heavens were
fixed and unchanging and that seemed to contradict
the Bible
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Isaac Newton:
• explained motion in the universe and tied
together the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and
Galileo
• wrote Principles of Natural Philosophy; in the
book Newton defined the laws of motion; crucial
to his whole argument was the universal law of
gravitation; this law states that every object in
the universe is attracted to every other object by
a force called gravity.
Breakthroughs in Medicine and
Chemistry:
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Anatomy was based on the work of
Andreas Vesalius; wrote On the Fabric
of the Human Body; in the book, he
discussed what he found dissecting
human bodies; presented an accurate
description of the organs and
structure of the body
•
William Harvey wrote On the Motion of
the Heart and Blood; showed that the
heart was the beginning point for the
circulation of blood in the body; also
proved same blood flowed in both veins
and arteries and makes a complete
circuit as it passes through the body.
– Chemistry:
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Robert Boyle worked on the properties of gases;
Boyle’s Law: the volume of a gas varies with the
pressure exerted on it
Antoine Lavoisier: invented system of naming
chemical elements
– regarded as founder of
modern chemistry.
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Women and the Origins of Modern Science:
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Margaret Cavendish: wrote Observations Upon
Experimental Philosophy; in the book she was
critical of the growing belief that humans,
through science, were masters of nature
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Maria Winkelmann: discovered a comet; was
refused a teaching position because of her sex
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Descartes and Reason:
– Rene Descarte’s wrote Discourse on Method; in
the book he emphasized the importance of the
mind and reason; mind and matter were
completely separate; famous quote: “I think,
therefore I am”; Descartes has been called the
father of modern rationalism: the belief that
reason is the chief source of knowledge.
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The Scientific Method: a systematic procedure for
collecting and analyzing evidence; developed by
Francis Bacon; Bacon believed scientist should
use inductive reasoning to learn about nature –
proceed from the particular to the general
Section 10.2: The Enlightenment
“The Thinker”
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Path to the Enlightenment:
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________________ saw the success scientist
had using ______________ to discover
_________________ (Scientific Revolution)
therefore __________________ were
confident they could use ______________ to
discover __________________and influence
society (___________________________)
•
_________________ wrote
_______________________________;
in the book he argues that everyone is
born with a ________________ (tabula
rasa = blank tablet) and people are
molded by their __________________;
if people were exposed to the right
_________________, then people
could be changed and a new society
created.
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Tabula Rasa
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Philosophes and Their Ideas
__________________________:
• wrote __________________________: in this book
Montesquieu tries to use the
____________________ to find __________________
that govern the __________ and _____________
relationships of human beings
• While studying England’s monarch,
he found it to _________________
of government: the ____________, the
___________, and the __________.The
government functioned through
__________________ each ___________
and ___________ the _____________;
this system provided the greatest
security for the state
_____________:
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Wrote____________________; in the
book he promoted_____________
toleration
Theory: the universe is a ___________
and ________is the___________________
also wrote against__________________,__________,
and the _____________ of
the_____________ and his writings offended the
________________and_______________; he was
imprisoned and exiled for his writings; his books
were censored and burned therefore Voltaire
becomes an ardent defender of the freedom of
speech
_____________:
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wrote the Encyclopedia; a 28 volume
collection of knowledge he edited; its
purpose was to “_______________________”
articles supported_______________, and
called for___________________________
_________________________________.
Toward a New Social Science
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Economics:
• The __________________: group who was
interested in _______________________________
that governed___________________; argued that if
individuals were __________________to pursue
their own___________________, all society would
benefit
• ___________________________:
Let people do what they ________;
no ______________ by government
• ______________________wrote________
____________________. He believed in
____________________ and he argued
the __________________had only three
roles:
1. ___________________from invasion
2. ___________________from injustice
3. ________________________projects
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______________________
wrote essay______________________; in
the book he argues _________________
should not be_______________________;
also opposed________________________
The Later Enlightenment:
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_________________________:
• Wrote______________________________________;
in the book he argues that _____________________
and _______________________________and in the
process become _______________ to the
government
• Wrote_________________________; he argues
an__________________________________________
___________; self-interest must be given up for
what is best for the entire
community
• wrote __________a novel that
argues that an _____________should
____________________________
Social World of the Enlightenment:
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The ______________________: more books were
published and _________________________________;
_____________________________________ began to
be published in the early 1700s
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The ___________________: drawing rooms of the
wealthy upper class’s; invited _______________and
took part in _________________about the ideas of the
________________________; these gatherings helped
spread the ideas of the Enlightenment
Religion in the Enlightenment:
– ______________________– new religious
movement started by________________;
stressed the importance of ____________
and encouraged behaviors that led
to____________________________
Section 3: The Impact of the
Enlightenment