The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa, Asia

(1415-1796) Ch. 14 Focus: How did European voyages of exploration lead to European empires in the Eastern Hemisphere?

14.1 – The Search for Spices

Focus: How did the search for spices lead to global exploration?

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Crusades increase demand for foreign goods

(1200-1300s) – Luxury items – land routes

14.1 – The Search for Spices

• • 1400s – Europeans obtain goods from Italian & Muslim traders* Moluccas – Spice Islands; chief source of goods* – Island region in eastern Indonesia (SE Asia)

14.1 – The Search for Spices

• European motivation to explore:* – Profit: main motive* • spices – Spread Christianity* – Technology*

Explorers with a lawn mower!

14.1 – The Search for Spices

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Portugal*

– Leads European exploration* Prince Henry – “The Navigator”* – Easier route to Asia – Gathers: • • • • Cartographers – map makers* Scientists Shipbuilders – redesign Train crews - long voyages

14.1 – The Search for Spices

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Bartholomeu Dias*

– Portuguese* – Rounded southern tip of Africa* – 1488 • Cape of Good Hope* – Opened sea route to Asia*

14.1 – The Search for Spices

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Vasco da Gama*

– Portuguese* – Rounded tip of Africa – continued to India* – Reached spice port of Calicut* – Lost ½ his ships on return home; many crew die – Voyage still profitable • • Creates trading empire Portugal – status as world power*

14.1 – The Search for Spices

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Christopher Columbus*

– Italian navigator* – Sails for Spain* (Ferdinand & Isabella) • Hope to increase wealth & prestige – 3 ships (Nina, Pinta, & Santa Maria) – Wants to reach East Indies by sailing West* • Underestimates size of Earth

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Christopher Columbus

– Oct. 12, 1492* – reaches island in Caribbean Sea, San Salvador* (West Indies) – Believes he is in East Asia (East Indies)* – Calls natives “Los Indios” – Indians* – Europeans soon realize they have discovered unknown continents

14.1 – The Search for Spices

• • • Ferdinand & Isabella – 1493 – appeal to pope for help in claiming new lands

Line of Demarcation*

– Pope – divides non-European world into two sections* – Spain – land to west* – Portugal – land to east* Treaty of Tordesillas - 1494 – Finalized Line of Demarcation agreement*

14.1 – The Search for Spices

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Amerigo Vespucci*

– Italian sea captain – Traveled to Brazil* – Journal descriptions* – Cartographer, Martin Waldseemuller, uses descriptions to create a map • “America”*

14.1 – The Search for Spices

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Vasco Nunez de

Balboa* – 1513 – Land passage through Panama* – First to see Pacific Ocean – named it the South Sea*

14.1 – The Search for Spices

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Ferdinand Magellan*

– Search for direct route to Pacific (Asia)* – Set sail from Spain – 5 ships – Killed in Philippines – 1 ship & 18 sailors return – Crew – first to circumnavigate, sail around, the world*

14.2 – Turbulent Centuries in Africa Focus: What affects did European exploration have on the people of Africa?

• Portugal* – Sea route to Asia* • • By-pass “middlemen” – Small forts along West African coast* Collect food & water • • Repair Ships Trading posts – Advance: • Establish on East African coast* • Attack Mombasa & Malindi* (SE Kenya) – Expel Arabs – Expand their empire

14.2 – Turbulent Centuries in Africa Portugal cont’d • Remain on African coast* – Interested in trade – Lack resources for interior exploration* • Maps*

14.2 – Turbulent Centuries in Africa • • African Slave Trade – 1500 & 1600s: slaves viewed as most valuable trade item* (commodity) – Slave – Slavs taken from Russia to work as unpaid laborers during Roman times Slavery existed in Africa & elsewhere since ancient times – Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Aztecs, Indians, Persians

14.2 – Turbulent Centuries in Africa •

Portuguese*

– First European nation to enter slave trade* – Followed by others – Saw profit in slave labor – Slaves used for:* • Plantations – large estates ran by an owner or owner’s overseer* • Servants – for rich households

14.2 – Turbulent Centuries in Africa • Slave Trade* – Seldom participated in interior slave raids – Relied on African rulers:* • • • Capture weaker tribes Bring captured to coastal trading ports* Exchange for products – rum, tobacco, weapons, textiles,etc.

– Slaves considered as “property”; a trade good – Expanded slave trade to meet needs & gain wealth*

• 14.2 – Turbulent Centuries in Africa

Affonso I*

– Ruler of Kongo* – Tutored by Portuguese missionaries – hoping to convert Africans to Christianity – Attempted to stop slave trade* - failed*

14.2 – Turbulent Centuries in Africa • Asante kingdom* (present day Ghana) – Osei Tutu* • • Gained power from trade* Monopoly, or exclusive control of a business*, on: – Slaves* – Gold* • In exchange for firearms

• 14.2 – Turbulent Centuries in Africa 1600s – Portuguese power declines – British, Dutch (Netherlands), & French take over ports • Establish permanent footholds

14.2 – Turbulent Centuries in Africa • •

Dutch*

– 1652 – Cape Town

*

• First permanent European settlement* • Used to supply ships Boers – Dutch farmers that settle in Cape Town* – Ousted, kill, or enslave those who live there – Consider Africans inferior – Boers are Calvinist – By 1700 migrate inland – battle African groups • Boer Wars

14.3 –European Footholds in South & SE Asia Focus: How did European nations build empires in South & Southeast Asia?

Portugal (1500s) •

Afonso de Albuquerque

– Commands Portuguese fleet – Take Island of Goa (1510)– off India’s coast – Take East Indies port Malacca (1511) – Massacre Muslims – Establish outposts – distant areas under their control*

14.3 –European Footholds in South & SE Asia

Dutch*

• • Challenge Portuguese domination* 1602 – Dutch East India Company* – Private trading group* – Sovereign power:* • • Complete – no limits* Armies, wage war, make treaties, govern territory* – Decline due to English & French advances (1700s) – Remain in Indonesia until 1900s

14.3 –European Footholds in South & SE Asia Spain (1500s)* • Takes over Philippines* – Filipinos not united – easy to conquer • Spanish ship silver from Mexico & Peru to Philippines* – Use silver to buy goods from China

14.3 –European Footholds in South & SE Asia

Mughal Empire*

• • Center of spice trade (India)* See no threat from Europeans*– allow them to build forts along coastal towns • Empire weakens – Europeans seek assistance: * – Sepoys – local Indian troops – serve in armies set up by the English & French*

14.4 – Encounters in East Asia Focus: How were European encounters in East Asia shaped by the worldviews of both Europeans and Asians?

China* •

Ming Dynasty*

– Not interested in European goods* – Europeans must pay with gold or silver* •

Matteo Ricci

– Jesuit priest missionary – *little success in spreading religious beliefs* – Impress Chinese through knowledge of Europe – Renaissance ideas

14.4 – Encounters in East Asia

Manchu*

• • • Manchuria (north of China) Conquer Ming Dynasty Set up Qing Dynasty* 1900s) (1600s •

Qianlong

– Qing emperor – Extends empire to central Asia* • Rules largest area in nation’s history – Promotes Chinese culture

14.4 – Encounters in East Asia

China*

• • Rejects contact with Europeans* Products “crude”

14.4 – Encounters in East Asia

Korea*

• “Hermit Kingdom”* – Little contact with outside world* • Merchants – low social status • Avoid being crushed by powerful neighbors – Europeans shipwreck on shores – imprisoned or killed

14.4 – Encounters in East Asia

Japan*

• Tokugawa shoguns turn against Europeans after learning Spain had seized Philippines (see as threat)* • Outlaw building of large ships – end foreign trade • Nagasaki - allow 1-2 Dutch ships each year to trade at harbor* • Remains mostly isolated for 200 years