Transcript PowerPoint Sunusu - Webstreet Angels

GRAPHITE
Sait UYSAL
Mining Professional
Turkey
www.saituysal.com.tr
What is Graphite?
• Graphite is a natural form of carbon with the
chemical formula C and is characterized by its
hexagonal crystalline structure. It occurs naturally in
metamorphic rocks such as marble, schist and gneiss
2
Graphite at A Glance
 The mineral graphite is one of the allotropes, and pure form of carbon.
 Allotropes of carbon are;
- Graphite
- Diamond
- Coal
 Graphite is;
- Excellent HEAT conductor
- Excellent ELECTRICITY conductor
- Heat resistant (Melting Point 3927 C°)
- Chemical and Corrosion resistant
- Resistant to acids and oxidising agents
- Lubricating
Types of Graphite
Applications By Graphite Type
Natural Graphite Consumption
Why Graphite is;
Hot
Critical
Strategic?
1. Supply Side Problem
• China Producing 80% of world
natural graphite
• China has a 20% export duty
and 17% VAT on graphite,
• Factories is closed in Hunan
Province, creating a
government-sponsored
monopoly on amorphous
graphite resources
•
Other Countries: Brazil, North Korea, Canada,
Norway, Mexico, Ukraine, Sri Lanka, Madagascar
2. High Price
3. Raw Material Security – Critical Materials
• EU is up to 95% dependent on
imports, mainly from China
• recycling is very limited
BGS Industrial Minerals Risk List 2012
4. Growing Demand and Technology
•
•
•
•
•
3-5% Annual growth rate of Traditional demand
Discovery of Graphene
Lithium-ion batteries&Fuel cells –EV, E-Bike, HEV
Nuclear technology – Pebble Bed Reactors
Plastics and composite frames (Boeing Co.'s new
Dreamliner)
• Solar Energy
• Industrialization and Urbanization of China, India and
emerging economies
Li-ion Batteries – Fuel Cells
• The growth of electric cars, bikes and scooters, all
rely on Li-ion batteries and fuel cells
• 10 times more graphite than Li (by weight) to make Li
ion batteries
• In an electric car battery 1.8 kg graphite /per kilowatt
hour (KWh) needed. For an EV 30-50 Kg natural
graphite is used for battery
Source:Byron Capital
Risks ???
• Price Risks; What if China increase production? Prices is Today prices
if you have a product to sell today you can benefit it
• Graphene; 5 to 10 year needed for commercial production
• Projects; in the Pipeline are Flake Graphite, Amorphous Graphite???
• Demand; current demand coming from traditional uses, demand of
new technologies could be over estimated
• Sensitive Projects; Not all of the projects will end up becoming
mines, High production costs, high grade aimed.
Environmental problems of high grade production. 70% loss
of high grade processes, equity sharing projects
Risks ???
• EV – Li-ion Batteries; Expensive, not user friendly, it needs time
EV markets are; Japan, USA, EU – Developed countries. Recycling could be
possible
Graphite in Turkey
• Majority of the graphite occurrences in Turkey is
mainly “amorphous” type.
• A graphite occurrence around Balikesir city (West
part of Turkey) has bigger crystalline structure. Most
promising, most graphitized and high Carbon
contented graphite mineralization explored in
Balikesir, Yozgat, Konya, Kastamonu and Adıyaman
cities.
• Occurrences in other places like Kutahya, Mugla,
Bandirma is mostly semi graphite
Graphite Mineralizations Map of Turkey
Production in Turkey 1985-1999
Production
(tonnes)
3.586,00
8.900,00
12.911,00
11.000,00
18.712,00
26.763,00
5.000,00
5.000,00
5.000,00
5.000,00
5.000,00
5.000,00
Consumption
(tonnes)
4.100,00
4.000,00
3.400,00
13.000,00
12.000,00
18.712,00
26.763,00
25.000*
25.000*
25.000*
25.000*
25.000*
25.000*
Production (tonnes) 30.000,00
25.000,00
20.000,00
15.000,00
Production
(tonnes) -
10.000,00
5.000,00
0,00
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
Year
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Source: Turkey State Planning Institute, 8th Quinquennially
Development Plan, 2001
* = Rounded roughly
www.saituysal.com.tr
March 2012
Production in Turkey 2003-2009
Year
Production
(tonnes)
Production (tonnes)
3.500,00
2003
0,00
2004
28,00
2005
0,00
2.000,00
2006
0,00
1.500,00
2007
0,00
2008
3.236,00
2009
2.400,00
3.000,00
2.500,00
1.000,00
Production
(tonnes)
500,00
0,00
Source: http://www.migem.gov.tr/links/istatistikler/2003_2009_URETIM_%20BILGILERI.mht
Migem = Turkish Republic Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources - General Directorate of Mining Affairs
www.saituysal.com.tr
March 2012
Conclusion
• Graphite demand will increase even there could be some
price fluctuations
• Whichever company moves ahead the quickest will do
the best
• New applications and technology will drive the demand
but will take time
• Low cost projects are important
• Turkey has undiscovered, undeveloped potential and low
cost production opportunites, and European market is
next to it