Transcript Tomislav Skračić, MA Undergraduate English Course for

Tomislav Skračić, MA
Undergraduate English
Course for
MARINE ENGINEERS
2nd Semester
Essential reading:
SPINČIĆ, A., An English Textbook For Marine Engineers I.,
Pomorski fakultet, Rijeka 2008.
LUZER, J., SPINČIĆ, A., Gramatička vježbenica engleskog jezika
za pomorce, Pomorski fakultet, Rijeka 2003.
SHIP PROPULSION – Introduction
SHIP PROPULSION – Introduction
According to their propulsion, boats and ships are
categorised into three types:
 Vessels using human power
 Sailing vessels
 Vessels using mechanical propulsion
Human propulsion includes rowing, paddling, and using
poles, e.g. in marshy areas like the Neretva Delta. Rowing
vessels include dinghies, canoes, kayaks, gondolas, and many
other small boats. Long time ago even large galleys were
propelled by oars.
SHIP PROPULSION – Introduction
Sailing boats and ships are vessels which are propelled solely
by means of sails. Propulsion by sail generally consists of a
sail hoisted on an erect mast, supported by stays and spars
and controlled by lines. Sail systems were the dominant form
of propulsion until the 19th century. They are now generally
used for recreation and racing, although experimental sail
systems have been used on larger modern vessels for fuel
saving.
fuel saving
SHIP PROPULSION – Introduction
The most common mechanical propulsion systems are:
 Inboard
- Internal combustion (gasoline, diesel, heavy fuel oil)
- Steam and gas turbine (cargo ships, passenger cruisers,
warships, etc.)
- Nuclear reactors (some submarines, naval ships, and
icebreakers)
 Outboard
- Gasoline
- Electric
 Paddle wheel
 Water jet (personal water craft, military craft, working
boats)
 Air fans (hovercraft, air boats)
SHIP PROPULSION – Introduction
Most of mechanical propulsion systems generally consist of
an engine turning a propeller shaft. There are many
variations of propeller systems, including twin, contrarotating, controllable-pitch, and propellers in nozzles (nozzles
increase thrust at moderate speed). Smaller vessels tend to
have a single propeller. Aircraft carriers use up to four
propellers. Power is transmitted from the engine to the
propeller by way of a propeller shaft, which may or may not
be connected to a gearbox. Most of large boats, yachts, and
ships are fitted with bow thrusters and stern thrusters to
improve their manoeuvrability in ports and confined waters.
SHIP PROPULSION – Part 1
Internal and external combustion engines
KEY WORDS
heavy fuel oil
gas oil
marine oil
gasoline
propulsion (n.)
primary function
convert (v.)
electronic device
source (n.)
synthetic fuels
solid fuels
likely
- teško gorivo
- čisti diesel
- manje kvalitetan plavi diesel, za ribare
- benzin
- propulzija, pogon
- osnovna / primarna funkcija
- pretvarati, pretvoriti
- elektronska naprava, sprava
- izvor
- sintetička goriva
- čvrsta goriva
- vjerojatan, moguć (cf. unlikely)
SHIP PROPULSION – Part 1
Internal and external combustion engines
KEY WORDS
trade run
boiler furnace
seaworthy
- redovita brodska linija
- ložište kotla
- sposoban za plovidbu / dobrih
maritimnih sposobnosti / “pomorstven”
consider (v.)
- razmotriti, uzeti u obzir
= take into consideration
drive (n.)
- pogon
availability
- dostupnost
out of date
- zastario
(cf. modern, cutting edge)
deadweight capacity
- ukupna nosivost broda
deadweight tonnage (DWT) - nosivost broda, korisna nosivost
steam reciprocating engine - parni stapni stroj
SHIP PROPULSION – Part 1
Internal and external combustion engines
 The primary function of any marine engineering plant
is to convert the chemical energy of fuel into useful work
and to employ that work in the propulsion of the ship.
 Other functions include the production of power for
steering, lighting, ventilating, air-conditioning, heating,
refrigerating, and for operation of various types of
electrical and electronic devices.
SHIP PROPULSION – Part 1
Internal and external combustion engines
Crude oil is, at the present time, the source of most fuel
oils for marine use. Synthetic fuels are being developed
but will probably be too expensive for ship propulsion.
Solid fuel, such as coal, used in the first steps of
mechanical propulsion, is returning in a small way for
certain specialised trade runs.
However, the various products of crude oil seem likely to
remain as the major forms of marine fuel.
SHIP PROPULSION – Part 1
Internal and external combustion engines
 When the fuel is burnt in the furnace of boilers and
the heat so generated is transferred to water for raising
steam which serves to carry the heat energy to engines
for conversion into useful work – then these engines are
termed external combustion engines.
 If the fuel is burnt within the engines themselves, i.e.
In their cylinders, then they are known as internal
combustion engines.
SHIP PROPULSION – Part 1
Internal and external combustion engines
The choice of the most suitable power plant depends on:
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

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the size of the ship,
its displacement and deadweight capacity,
required speed,
length and duration of the voyage,
cost and availability of fuel,
operational expenses,
and so on...
SHIP PROPULSION – Part 1
Internal and external combustion engines
There are a number of propelling units from which to
choose:
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diesel engines,
steam turbine,
diesel-electric or turbo-electric drive,
gas trubine,
nuclear propulsion units.
SHIP PROPULSION – Part 1
Answer the following questions:
1. What is the primary function of the marine engineering
plant?
2. What is its secondary function?
3. What kind of fuel is ised for marine propulsion?
4. What can you say about coal as fuel?
5. What machine is termed external combustion engine?
6. What is an internal combustion engine?
7. What factors must designers and shipbuilders
consider when deciding the choice of the propelling
unit?