Transcript Prezentace

Department of Computer Science
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology
Information Technology 1
OPERATING
SYSTEMS
(2)
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MS-DOS
•singleuser, singletask operating system for PC
•derived from CPM
•very popular in 80. and the first half of 90. years
•shell (command line) still useful in Windows like OS
•Microsoft comp. starting
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MS-DOS
Basic commands
program loading and starting: <file>
set actual disk:
<disk>:
help: command
or
<path\file>
set actual directory (folder)
direct subfolder:
any folder:
parent folder:
cd <directory>
cd <path\directory>
cd ..
view content of actual folder
full content:
compressed content:
content with paging:
create folder:
delete folder:
delete file:
rename file:
view content of text file:
move file:
copy file:
create system disk:
partitioning disk:
formatting disk:
dir
dir /w
dir /p (dir | more)
md <directory>
rd <directory>
del <file>
ren <old> <new>
type <file>
move <file> <new position>
copy <file> <new position>
sys <disk>:
fdisk
format <disk>:
/?
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UNIX
• files and directories have their owner (user, group)
• access control list contain the rights for manipulating
 owner
(U)
 group of owner
(G)
 others
(O)
• type of rights
R (read) –
file reading, directory content
W (write) –
changes in file and directory content
X (execute) –
program executing, dir. entry
drwxrwxrwx
-rw-r-----
drwxr-xr-x
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UNIX
Basic commands
help:
program executing:
<path/file>
set actual directory
direct subfolder:
random folder:
parent folder:
cd <dir>
cd <path/folder>
cd ..
content of actual directory
full listing:
short listing:
paged listing:
create directory:
delete directory:
delete file:
rename (move) file:
view content of file:
copy file:
ls –l
(ll)
ls –f
(lsf)
ll | more
mkdir <dir>
rmdir <dir>
rm <file>
mv <old> <new>
cat <file>
cp <what> <where>
man command
General UNIX Architecture
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Windows NT
• Windows NT Workstation
• Windows NT Server
• Selected properties:
– platform independent (HAL)
– preemptive multitasking
– user validating
– NTFS – secure file system
– communication protocols support for LAN and WAN
– graphic tools for system administering
– domain philosophy
– Domain = logical group of computers with shared set of users
and other resources
– higher reliability
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Configuration
• control panels
• registry – application regedit or regedt32
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–
–
–
–
HKEY_CURRENT_USER - config. of actual logged user
HKEY_USERS – profiles of all users
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE – config. od computer (for all users)
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT – subset of HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG – actually used HW profile
User account
– Groups:
• local
• global
– Standard groups:
• Everyone
• Administrators
• System
Windows 2000
• exploits the power of today’s 32-bit microprocessors
• modular structure for flexibility
• executes on a variety of hardware platforms
• modified microkernel architecture
• not a pure microkernel
• many system functions outside of the
microkernel run in kernel mode
• any module can be removed, upgraded, or replaced
without rewriting the entire system
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Windows 2000 – Layered Structure
Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)
• isolates the operating system from platformspecific hardware differences
Microkernel
• most-used and most fundamental components
of the operating system
Device drivers
• translate user I/O function calls into specific
hardware device I/O requests
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W2K Executive
• I/O manager
• Object manager
• Security reference monitor
• Process/thread manager
• Local procedure call (LPC) Facility
• Virtual memory manager
• Cache manager
• Windows/graphics modules
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Windows 2000 – User Processes
• Special system support processes
• Ex: logon process and the session manager
• Server processes
• Environment subsystems
• User applications
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Windows 2000 – Client/Server Model
• Simplifies the Executive
- possible to construct a variety of APIs
• Improves reliability
- each service runs as a separate process with
its own partition of memory
- clients cannot not directly access hardware
• Provides a uniform means from applications to
communicate via LPC
• Provides base for distributed computing
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Windows 2000 – Threads and SMP
SMP – Symmetric Multiprocessing
• Different routines can execute simultaneously
on different processors
• Multiple threads of execution within a single
process may execute on different processors
simultaneously
• Server processes may use multiple threads
• Share data and resources between process
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Windows 2000 Architecture
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Resource sharing
• disk, folder, file, printer etc. – can be offered for sharing
• controlled permissions to the shared resources
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NTFS
• long names support, owner, access control
• permissions:
R
Read – read file/folder contents
W Write – change file/folder contents, create new files/subfolders
X
eXecute – execute a program, traverse folder
D Delete – delete file/folder
P
Change Permissions – change file’s/folder’s permission settings
O Take Ownership – take file/folder ownership
Some standard permission groups (Windows NT):
Read
Change
Full Control
No Access
(RX) (RX)
(RWXD) (RWXD)
All All
Windows Me
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Windows Millenium Edition
Deset hlavních důvodů pro inovaci na OS Windows Me
• importování a úprava domácích videofilmů
• přesun sbírky fotografií z krabice od bot na pevný disk
• vytvoření archivu a rejstříku oblíbené hudby
• ochrana důležitých souborů
• obnovení původních nastavení počítače
• nalezení odpovědí na hledané otázky
• použití počítače k programování videa či termostatu
• propojení počítačů v domácnosti
• efektivnější komunikace s přáteli a spolupracovníky
• hraní her na nové úrovni
http://www.microsoft.com/cze/windows/windowsME/upgrade/upgradewhy.asp
Windows XP
• Windows XP Professional – vhodný pro firmy
a náročné uživatele; postaven na základě jádra
použitého v systémech Windows 2000 a Windows
NT Workstation – NT Kernel; vysoká úroveň
výkonu, bezpečnosti a stability
• Windows XP Home Edition – zejména pro domácí
použití
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Windows CE
• Windows pro přenosná zařízení typu Handheld PC
nebo Palm PC
• zcela odlišná verze Windows, která není kompatibilní
s X86 based Windows
• začínají uplatňovat jako AutoPC tj. počítač do auta
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