Transcript Step Up To: Psychology

Step Up To:
Psychology
John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
&
Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD
From: Hockenbury &
Hockenbury
Discovering Psychology 5e
Worth Publishers (2010)
Chapter 4: Consciousness
and Its Variations
Sleep Disorders
Dreams and
Mental Activity
During Sleep
The Rhythms of
Consciousness
and Sleep
Hypnosis and
Meditation
Psychoactive
Drugs
The Rhythms of
Consciousness and Sleep
500
400
300
200
100
Dreams and Mental
Activity During Sleep
500
400
300
200
100
Sleep Disorders
500
400
300
200
100
Hypnosis and
Meditation
500
400
300
200
100
Psychoactive Drugs
500
400
300
200
100
1. The word “circadian” comes from
the Latin words that mean _____
and ______.
•
•
•
•
A) conscious; unconscious
B) morning; night
C) sleep; wake
D) about; day
2. Sleep researchers distinguish
between two basic types of sleep. ___
sleep is associated with dreaming.
•
•
•
•
A) NREM
B) DEEP
C) REO
D) REM
3. Which stage of NREM sleep is marked
by brain activity called sleep
spindles and K complexes?
•
•
•
•
A) REM
B) Stage 1
C) Stage 2
D) Stage 3
4. “During the Stone Age cavemen slept in
their caves every night to hide from
predators.” This statement is consistent
with which theory of why we sleep?
•
•
•
•
A) adaptive theory of sleep
B) circadian rhythm theory of sleep
C) restorative theory of sleep
D) self-protective theory of sleep
5. A tiny cluster of neurons in the
suprachiasmatic nucleus of the
______ serves as the body’s own
internal pacemaker.
•
•
•
•
A) hypothalamus
B) amygdala
C) thalamus
D) occipital cerebral lobe
6. People usually have around ______
dreaming episodes each night.
•
•
•
•
A) 1 to 2
B) 8 to 10
C) 6 to 8
D) 4 to 5
7. Researchers have found that when
people dream:
• A) most dreams are in color.
• B) most dreams are in black-andwhite.
• C) they can sometimes predict
the future.
• D) they will die if they hit the
bottom when falling.
8. According to Sigmund Freud, the actual
story we dream about is the _______
content, and the meaning that it
represents is the _______ content.
•
•
•
•
A) latent; manifest
B) conscious; unconscious
C) manifest; latent
D) repressed; regressed
9. Which of the following is not a research
finding about the content of dreams?
• A) Instances of aggression are more
common in dreams than instances of
friendliness.
• B) Women are more likely than men to report
emotions in dreams.
• C) Men are more likely to report other males
as dream story characters.
• D) Sexual behavior often occurs as an
element of a dream story.
10. During REM dreaming the sleeper’s
_________ are inactive and the
_________ is active.
• A) frontal lobes; limbic system
• B) hippocampus; primary visual
cortex.
• C) primary visual cortexes; frontal
lobe.
• D) circadian rhythms; pineal
gland
11. Which device is used to treat
moderate to severe cases of
sleep apnea?
•
•
•
•
A) Jarvik-7
B) CPAP
C) fMRI
D) EKG
12. The parasomnias include all but
which of the following?
•
•
•
•
A) Narcolepsy (sleep attacks)
B) Sexsomnia (sleepsex)
C) Somnambulism (sleepwalking)
D) Sleep terrors (night terrors)
13. Jen has a narcolepsy. She experiences
a sudden loss of muscle strength and
control, resulting in collapsing when
excited. This symptom is called:
•
•
•
•
A) parasomnia.
B) sleep apnea.
C) cataplexy.
D) night terrors.
14. Autopsies of the brains of people
who suffered from narcolepsy have
found greatly reduced numbers of
__________-producing neurons.
•
•
•
•
A) serotonin
B) melatonin
C) hypocretin
D) GABA
15. Reported cases of sleep-related
eating disorder (SRED) have found
people eating all but which of the
following?
•
•
•
•
A) slices of soap
B) buttered cigarettes
C) hand cream
D) shoelaces
16. Research into hypnosis has found
that:
• A) it is possible to hypnotize a person
against their will.
• B) hypnosis can make a person
stronger than their physical abilities.
• C) hypnotized individuals can be made
to do things that violate their own
morals.
• D) hypnosis can help you lose weight,
stop smoking, or stop biting your
fingernails.
17. The two general types of meditation
involve:
•
•
•
•
A) chanting and movement techniques.
B) Buddhist and Chinese techniques.
C) group and individual techniques.
D) concentration and opening-up
techniques.
18. When hypnosis influences
behavior after the hypnotic state
has ended, the subject was given:
•
•
•
•
A) posthypnotic amnesia.
B) a hypnotic command.
C) a command suggestion.
D) a posthypnotic suggestion.
19. Police Chief Jeffries is considering using
a hypnotist on an eye-witness to help recall
the events of a crime. The chief needs to
know that:
• A) hypnosis can help if the hypnotist is
highly qualified.
• B) there is an increased risk of false
memories with hypnosis.
• C) hypnosis can result in more forgetting.
• D) hypnosis can only help if used along
with a polygraph.
20. According to Ernest Hilgard’s
theory of hypnosis:
• A) becoming hypnotized depends on
the willingness of the subject.
• B) the subject’s consciousness is split
and includes a hidden observer.
• C) everyone can become hypnotized if
the hypnotist is trained.
• D) it is just another form of
concentration.
21. Two factors involved in determining
physical dependence are:
•
•
•
•
A) tolerance and withdrawal.
B) drug type and amount.
C) quantity and frequency.
D) psychoactivity and abuse.
22. _______ is the most widely used
psychoactive drug in the world, but
________ is the most widely
abused substance in the USA.
•
•
•
•
A) LSD; Ecstasy
B) Marijuana; Caffeine
C) Caffeine; Alcohol
D) Alcohol; Tobacco
23. Of the following sources of caffeine,
which has the highest dose?
• A) Coffee (grande, 16 ounces)
• B) Energy drink (8 ounces,
Red Bull)
• C) Soft Drinks (Coke, Pepsi,
12 ounces)
• D) Over-the-counter stimulants
(NoDoz, Vivarin)
24. Prolonged use of cocaine can result in
auditory hallucinations of voices and bizarre
and paranoid ideas, a condition called:
•
•
•
•
A) paranoid schizophrenia.
B) cocaine rebound.
C) flashbacks.
D) amphetamine psychosis.
25. Which of the following drugs has never
been available legally and for medicinal
purposes in the United States of
America?
•
•
•
•
A) Opium
B) Cocaine
C) Heroin
D) LSD
Stop here, or continue as a review
1. The word “circadian” comes from
the Latin words that mean _____
and ______.
•
•
•
•
A) conscious; unconscious
B) morning; night
C) sleep; wake
D) about; day
2. Sleep researchers distinguish
between two basic types of sleep. ___
sleep is associated with dreaming.
•
•
•
•
A) NREM
B) DEEP
C) REO
D) REM
3. Which stage of NREM sleep is marked
by brain activity called sleep
spindles and K complexes?
•
•
•
•
A) REM
B) Stage 1
C) Stage 2
D) Stage 3
4. “During the Stone Age, cavemen slept in
their caves every night to hide from
predators.” This statement is consistent
with which theory of why we sleep?
•
•
•
•
A) adaptive theory of sleep
B) circadian rhythm theory of sleep
C) restorative theory of sleep
D) self-protective theory of sleep
5. A tiny cluster of neurons in the
suprachiasmatic nucleus of the
______ serves as the body’s own
internal pacemaker.
•
•
•
•
A) hypothalamus
B) amygdala
C) thalamus
D) occipital cerebral lobe
6. People usually have around ______
dreaming episodes each night.
•
•
•
•
A) 1 to 2
B) 8 to 10
C) 6 to 8
D) 4 to 5
7. Researchers have found that when
people dream:
• A) most dreams are in color.
• B) most dreams are in black-andwhite.
• C) they can sometimes predict the
future.
• D) they will die if they hit the
bottom when falling.
8. According to Sigmund Freud, the actual
story we dream about is the _______
content, and the meaning that it
represents is the _______ content.
•
•
•
•
A) latent; manifest
B) conscious; unconscious
C) manifest; latent
D) repressed; regressed
9. Which of the following is not a research
finding about the content of dreams?
• A) Instances of aggression are more
common in dreams than instances of
friendliness.
• B) Women are more likely than men to report
emotions in dreams.
• C) Men are more likely to report other males
as dream story characters.
• D) Sexual behavior often occurs as an
element of a dream story.
10. During REM dreaming, the sleeper’s
_________ are inactive and the
_________ is active.
• A) frontal lobes; limbic system
• B) hippocampus; primary visual
cortex.
• C) primary visual cortexes; frontal
lobe.
• D) circadian rhythms; pineal
gland
11. Which device is used, often with
good results, to treat moderate
to severe cases of sleep apnea?
•
•
•
•
A) Jarvik-7
B) CPAP
C) fMRI
D) EKG
12. The parasomnias include all but
which of the following?
•
•
•
•
A) Narcolepsy (sleep attacks)
B) Sexsomnia (sleepsex)
C) Somnambulism (sleepwalking)
D) Sleep terrors (night terrors)
13. Jen has a narcolepsy. She experiences
a sudden loss of muscle strength and
control, resulting in collapsing when
excited. This symptom is called:
•
•
•
•
A) parasomnia.
B) sleep apnea.
C) cataplexy.
D) night terrors.
14. Autopsies of the brains of people
who suffered from narcolepsy have
found greatly reduced numbers of
__________-producing neurons.
•
•
•
•
A) serotonin
B) melatonin
C) hypocretin
D) GABA
15. Reported cases of sleep-related
eating disorder (SRED) have found
people eating all but which of the
following?
•
•
•
•
A) Slices of soap
B) Buttered cigarettes
C) Hand cream
D) Shoelaces
16. Research into hypnosis has found
that:
• A) it is possible to hypnotize a person
against their will.
• B) hypnosis can make a person
stronger than their physical abilities.
• C) hypnotized individuals can be made
to do things that violate their own
morals.
• D) hypnosis can help you lose weight,
stop smoking, or stop biting your
fingernails.
17. The two general types of meditation
involve:
•
•
•
•
A) chanting and movement techniques.
B) Buddhist and Chinese techniques.
C) group and individual techniques.
D) concentration and opening-up
techniques.
18. When hypnosis influences
behavior after the hypnotic state
has ended, the subject was given:
•
•
•
•
A) posthypnotic amnesia.
B) a hypnotic command.
C) a command suggestion.
D) a posthypnotic suggestion.
19. Police Chief Jeffries is considering using
a hypnotist on an eye-witness to help recall
the events of a crime. The chief needs to
know that:
• A) hypnosis can help if the hypnotist is
highly qualified.
• B) there is an increased risk of false
memories with hypnosis.
• C) hypnosis can result in more forgetting.
• D) hypnosis can only help if used along
with a polygraph.
20. According to Ernest Hilgard’s
theory of hypnosis:
• A) becoming hypnotized depends on
the willingness of the subject.
• B) the subject’s consciousness is split
and includes a hidden observer.
• C) everyone can become hypnotized if
the hypnotist is trained.
• D) it is just another form of
concentration.
21. Two factors involved in determining
physical dependence are:
•
•
•
•
A) tolerance and withdrawal.
B) drug type and amount.
C) quantity and frequency.
D) psychoactivity and abuse.
22. _______ is the most widely used
psychoactive drug in the world, but
________ is the most widely
abused substance in the USA.
•
•
•
•
A) LSD; Ecstasy
B) Marijuana; Caffeine
C) Caffeine; Alcohol
D) Alcohol; Tobacco
23. Of the following sources of caffeine,
which has the highest dose
• A) Coffee (grande, 16 ounces)
• B) Energy drink (8 ounces, Red
Bull)
• C) Soft Drinks (Coke, Pepsi, 12
ounces)
• D) Over-the-counter stimulants
(NoDoz, Vivarin)
24. Prolonged use of cocaine can result in
auditory hallucinations of voices and bizarre
and paranoid ideas, a condition called:
•
•
•
•
A) paranoid schizophrenia.
B) cocaine rebound.
C) flashbacks.
D) amphetamine psychosis.
25. Which of the following drugs has never
been available legally and for medicinal
purposes in the United States of
America?
•
•
•
•
A) Opium
B) Cocaine
C) Heroin
D) LSD
Acknowledgments
• Step Up Created by:
John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
• Questions written by:
Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD
• Based on Discovering
Psychology 5e by
Hockenbury & Hockenbury
• Published by Worth
Publishers, 2010
Answers—Chapter 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
D
D
C
A
A
D
A
C
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
D
A
B
A
C
C
D
D
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
D
D
B
B
A
C
A
D
25. D