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Supporting Student Success:
Exploring Evidence of Critical Links
between Health and Learning
Focus on Nutrition and Physical Activity
A Presentation to the Mississippi
State Board of Education
Jackson, Mississippi
May 19, 2005
Harvard School of Public Health
Partnerships for Children’s Health
What We’ll Do Today
Gain a greater
understanding of:
1) The obesity epidemic
in America, and current
issues in nutrition and
physical activity that
affect students in
Mississippi
What We’ll Do Today
Gain a greater
understanding of:
2) Evidence
demonstrating
connections to learning
and economic costs to
our schools
Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults
between 1990 and 2003
Definitions:
 Obesity: having a very high amount of body
fat in relation to lean body mass, or Body
Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or higher.
 BMI is a measure of an adult’s weight in
relation to his or her height (the adult’s weight
in kilograms divided by the square of his or
her height in meters).
Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults
between 1990 and 2003
 The data shown in the following maps were
collected through CDC’s Behavioral Risk
Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).
 Each year, state health departments use
standard procedures to collect data through a
series of monthly telephone interviews with
U.S. adults.
Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1990
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data
<10%
10%–14%
Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1995
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data
<10%
10%–14%
15%–19%
Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1999
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data
<10%
10%–14%
15%–19%
Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
20%–24%
Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 2003
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data
<10%
10%–14%
15%–19%
Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
20%–24%
≥25%
“Overweight and obesity…
have reached epidemic
proportions in the United
States…Left unabated,
overweight and obesity
may soon cause as much
preventable disease and
death as cigarette
smoking.”
- David Satcher, M.D., Ph.D.
Leading Causes of Death, United States
Diet and
inactivity are
cross-cutting risk
factors,
contributing
significantly to
four out of the six
leading causes of
death.
National Center for Health Statistics,
CDC/HHS. “Deaths, Percent of Total
Deaths, and Death Rates for the 15
Leading Causes of Death in 5-Year Age
Groups, by Race and Sex: United
States, 2000.” Hyattsville, MD: CDC,
2002.
1. Heart Disease
2. Cancer
3. Stroke
4. Chronic Lower Respiratory
Diseases
5. Accidents
6. Diabetes
7. Pneumonia and Influenza
8. Alzheimer’s Disease
9. Nephritis
10. Septicemia
11. Suicide
12. Chronic Liver
Disease/Cirrhosis
13. High Blood Pressure
14. Homicide
15. Pneumonitis
710,760
553,091
167,661
122,009
97,900
69,301
65,313
49,558
37,251
31,224
29,350
26,552
18,073
16,765
16,636
Obesity is Associated with an
Increased Risk of:
 Premature death
 Osteoarthritis
 Type 2 diabetes
 Sleep apnea
 Heart disease
 Asthma
 Stroke
 Cancer (endometrial,
gallbladder, colon, kidney,
and post-menopausal
breast)
 Hypertension
 High blood cholesterol
 Gallbladder disease
 Complications of pregnancy
 Psychological difficulties due
to social stigmatization
Overweight Children and Adolescents*
16
14
14
12
13
10
8
6
Ages 12-19
5
4
2
4
Ages 6-11
0
1963-70**
1971-74
1976-80
1988-94
1999
*>95th percentile for BMI by age and sex based on 2000 CDC BMI-for-age growth charts.
**1963-1970 data are from 1963-1965 for children 6-11 years of age and from 1966-1970 for adolescents 12-17 years of age.
National Center for Health Statistics.
Nine million schoolaged children and
adolescents are
overweight to a
degree that directly
affects their health
High School Students Who Reported
Unhealthy Dietary Behaviors
90
Percent
80
70
78
80
83
89
United States
Mississippi
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
0
Insufficient Consumption of
Fruits and Vegetables*
Insufficient Consumption of
Milk**
Used Laxatives or Vomited to
Lose Weight
*Ate <5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day during the 7 days preceding the survey.
**Drank <3 glasses of milk per day during the 7 days preceding the survey.
***During the 30 days preceding the survey.
CDC Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2003; Mississippi YRBS, 2004 (2003 data).
Beverage Intake Among Adolescents
Aged 11-18, 1965-1996
Per capita grams
consumed per day
Boys
Girls
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200 (Soft drinks, diet soft drinks, and fruit drinks)
0
1965
1977
1989
1996
Cavadini C et al. Arch Dis Child 2000;83:18-24 (based on USDA surveys).
High School Students Who Reported
Insufficient Physical Activity
United States
Mississippi
90
Percent
80
70
60
50
40
47
33
30
20
10
10
15
0
Insufficient Vigorous
Physical Activity*
No Physical Activity
During the Past Week**
*Vigorous physical activity on <3 of the 7 days preceding the survey.
**Neither vigorous or moderate physical activity on any of the 7 days preceding the survey.
CDC Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2003; Mississippi YRBS, 2004 (2003 data).
High School Students Who Reported
Insufficient Physical Activity
90
Percent
80
70
69
72
77
United States
Mississippi
60
50
40
54
45
38
30
20
10
0
Not Enrolled in PE Class
Did Not Attend PE Daily
Watched TV 3 or More Hours
Per Day (on an average school day)
CDC Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2003; Mississippi YRBS, 2004 (2003 data).
Health Education Requirements by Grade
Percent of schools
50
40
39
39
41
42
44
33
27
30
22
20
20
10
10
9
3
2
0
K
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th
CDC School Health Policies and Programs Study, 2000.
Physical Education Requirements by Grade
60
Percent of schools
51
51
51
52
50
50
40
40
32
26
30
20
25
13
10
10
6
5
0
K
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th
CDC School Health Policies and Programs Study, 2000.
The No Child
Left Behind Act
Does not specifically
mention school health,
though the word
“health” appears over
100 times
Kids have to
be healthy to
learn, and
they have to
learn how to
be healthy.
Tools to Assist Schools
Action for Healthy Kids
Action for Healthy Kids is about creating
health-promoting schools that support
sound nutrition and physical activity as
part of a total learning environment.
www.actionforhealthykids.org
About AFHK
Our mission:
1. Enhance the learning potential of all
children
2. Slow the rate of increase in overweight
and obesity
3. Increase efforts that lead to the prevention
of overweight and obesity among youth
www.actionforhealthykids.org
About AFHK
Who we are:
Over 4000 state team members in 50 states
and the District of Columbia
A Partner Steering Committee of 47 leading
national health and education
organizations, including NSBA
A diverse and distinguished board of directors
www.actionforhealthykids.org