Transcript AP Chemist

AP Chemistry Exam Review
• You will be receiving an FRQ group participation in-class
grade for each day of the review – 4 (90min) class days of
review are planned.
– You will work on problems in your assigned FRQ groups.
• What you will need for this in-class review everyday:
– A review book
• Make sure it has explanations to all the answers, especially the
multiple choice.
– Your organized notebook labeled by topic
• Vocab quizzes will also help you assess weak conceptual areas.
• Make sure you have the FRQ’s from every power point, they are
better practice than the review book because they are old AP FRQ’s.
– Reference sheets (use official AP ones so they are familiar)
• Periodic Table & Equation Sheets
– Calculator (scientific or graphing with no QWERTY
keyboard)
• The one you will use on the exam so you are comfortable with it.
• Only to be used on the FRQ section, Part A.
AP Exam Format
• Section I – Multiple Choice (50%)
– 75 questions, 90 minutes
– No calculator, only Periodic Table may be used
– No point deductions for incorrect answers, try to answer
every question.
• Section II – Free Response Questions (50%)
– 6 total questions with the use of all Equation Sheets
– Total time 95 minutes in 2 parts:
• Part A – Calculator may be used (3 questions – 20% each of section
II score), 55 minutes
– Question 1 will always be an equilibrium question.
– Question 2 & 3 will be reaction topics: thermo, kinetics, electro and/or
a quantitative lab based question (titration, molar volume of a gas,
colligative properties, percent of water in a hydrate, etc.). Always with
either gas laws, stoichiometry, or both.
• Part B – No Calculator (3 questions), 40 minutes
– Question 4 will be 3 reaction prediction questions (10% of section II
score)
– Questions 5 & 6 (15% of section II score), conceptual (periodic trends,
bonding, intermolecular forces, kinetic molecular theory or reaction
topics named above) and/or qualitative lab based (only if a quantitative
lab question is not asked in Part A).
AP Exam Topic Distribution
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Structure of Matter – 20%
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Atomic Theory & Structure
Periodic Trends
Chemical Bonding
Molecular Models & Geometry
Nuclear Chemistry
States of Matter – 20%
– Gases (ch. 5)
– Liquids & Solids (ch. 10)
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– Solutions (colligative properties – ch. 11)
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Reaction Topics – 35-40%
– Stoichiometry (ch. 3 & 4)
– Thermochemistry (ch. 8 & 17)
– Equilibrium
• Gaseous (ch. 13)
• Solubility Product (ch. 16)
• Acid/Base (ch. 14)
– Buffers (ch. 15)
– Electrochemistry (ch. 18)
– Kinetics (ch. 12)
Descriptive Chemistry – 10-15%
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Common ion colors in solution
Common precipitate colors
Common flame test colors
Reaction prediction (equation writing –
Section II question 4)
– Periodic Table – group/element
characteristics
– Organic Chemistry
Laboratory – 5-10%
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Solubility rules
Significant figure rules
Percent error/Percent Yield
Lab Equipment
Common lab techniques
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% composition
Titration (Acid/Base or Redox)
Gas collection
Rate order/Rate Law (Kinetics)
Calorimetry (Thermochem.)
Faraday’s Law (Electrochem.)
Review Day 1: Structure of Matter
Atomic Theory & Structure
• You should be able to:
– Discuss the development of the atom from its earliest
model to modern day atom (Dalton, Thompson,
Rutherford, etc.).
– Identify the correct # of subatomic particles for atoms,
ions, isotopes.
– Calculate the average atomic mass of an atom from
isotopic data.
– Name compounds and write chemical formulas (know your
polyatomic ions)
• Find the appropriate section in your review book and
complete as many multiple choice questions as you can
in 15 minutes (should be around 15 questions), then you
will have 5 minutes to check your answer (anything you
get wrong mark to go over at home).
Review Day 1 Continued
Atomic Structure & Periodicity
• You should be able to:
– Identify characteristics of and perform calculations with
frequency & wavelength.
– Know the relationshiop between types of electromagnetic
radiation and energy (EMS)
– Know what exhibits continuous and line spectra.
– Know what each of the 4 quantum #’s are and what they
represent.
– Write the complete and abbreviated electron configurations as
well as orbital diagrams for atoms and ions.
– Identify the number and (probable) location of the valence
electrons in an atom.
– Apply trends in atomic properties such as atomic radii, ionization
energy, electronegativity, electron affinity, and ionic radii.
• Find the appropriate section in your review book and
complete as many multiple choice questions as you can
in 15 minutes (should be around 15 questions), then you
will have 5 minutes to check your answer (anything you
get wrong mark to go over at home).
Review Day 1 Continued
Chemical Bonding & Structure
• You should know:
– The characteristics of ionic and covalent bonding.
– The relative sizes of ions.
– The effect of lattice energy on melting points of ionic compounds
(Coulombs Law).
– How to use electronegativity to predict the polarity of covalent
bonds.
– How to draw Lewis structures (electron dot diagrams) for
molecular compounds and polyatomic ions.
– How to draw resonance structures.
– How to assign molecular shapes using VSEPR Theory.
*You will NOT need to know formal charge or molecular orbital
theory.
• Find the appropriate section in your review book and
complete as many multiple choice questions as you
can in 15 minutes (should be around 15 questions),
then you will have 5 minutes to check your answer
(anything you get wrong mark to go over at home).
Review Day 1 Continued
Nuclear Chemistry
If class time does not allow this topic should be done at home.
• You should be able to:
– Identify the products of nuclear transformation processes (decays,
bombardments, electron capture, etc.)
– Interconvert between the half-life of a nuclide and the amount remaining
after a specific amount of time.
– Be familiar with critical mass, fusion/fission, mass defect, binding
energy, nucleon, strong nuclear force, differences in penetrating power
of alpha, beta, and gamma rays.
– Use a graph to predict the type of decay that will occur
*some material was not covered in class, reading about it in the
review book will be sufficient for nuclear on the exam.
• Find the appropriate section in your review book and
complete as many multiple choice questions as you can in 15
minutes (should be around 15 questions), then you will have 5
minutes to check your answer (anything you get wrong mark
to go over at home).
Review Day 1: Homework
• You must select and complete (neatly) 1 old FRQ that
assesses any structure of matter topic (hint: look in
Part B questions 5 or 6).
– Time yourself (remember you only have 40 minutes for ALL of
Part B – so one question should take about 10-15 minutes).
• The AP question must come from the released FRQ’s on
collegeboard’s website.
– On top of the first page label the year and question number you
selected.
– Select a year that has released scoring guidelines.
• Complete the question in one color ink and then check
your answer using the scoring guidelines on the website
with a different color ink.
– You will not get credit for your homework if your answers are not
checked in different color.
– Write the points you received out of possible points on the top of
the front page – grade is received upon completion NOT this
score, so don’t lie or copy, you will only be hurting yourself!!!!
Review Day 2: States of Matter
Gases
• You should be able to:
– Perform calculations with gas laws (Boyle’s, Charles’, Avagadro’s,
Combined, Dalton’s & Ideal)
– Perform calculations with the ideal gas law to find the density or molar
mass of the gas.
– Interpret or draw graphical relationships between gas variables.
– Perform stoichiometric calculations for reactions which produce gases.
– Perform calculations with molar volume.
– Perform calculations for gases collected over water.
– Perform calculations with rates of effusion/diffusion to find the molar
mass.
– Perform calculations with root mean square velocity.
– Use kinetic molecular theory to explain gas behavior.
– Compare real gases to ideal gases.
• Find the appropriate section in your review book and
complete as many multiple choice questions as you can in 15
minutes (should be around 15 questions), then you will have 5
minutes to check your answer (anything you get wrong mark
to go over at home – if time allows in class).
Review Day 2 Continued
Liquids & Solids
• You should be able to:
– Explain how intermolecular forces affect properties of liquids
(this can also be applied to samples of gases).
– Explain surface tension, capillary action, viscosity, vapor
pressure, melting and boiling points.
– Rank substances in order of decreasing or increasing
properties such as boiling and melting points.
– Understand the different types of solids and know examples of
each.
– Know characteristic points of heating curves and phase
diagrams (for example, triple point diagrams)
• Find the appropriate section in your review book and
complete as many multiple choice questions as you can
in 15 minutes (should be around 15 questions), then you
will have 5 minutes to check your answer (anything you
get wrong mark to go over at home – if time allows in
class).
Review Day 2 Continued
Solutions
• You should be able to:
– Perform calculations with different solution concentrations
such as molarity, molality, mass percent, and mole fraction.
– Prepare solutions and apply the dilution formula if
necessary.
– Discuss the effects of temperature, pressure and structure
on solubility.
– Perform calculations with Raoult’s Law (Pressure of
solvent vs pressure of solution – becareful, this equation is
not on the equation sheet.)
– Understand colligative properties such as boiling point
elevation, vapor pressure lowering, freezing point
depression, and osmotic pressure.
– Use colligative properties to determine the molar mass of a
solute.
• Find the appropriate section in your review book and
complete as many multiple choice questions as you can
in 15 minutes (should be around 15 questions), then you
will have 5 minutes to check your answer (anything you
Review Day 2: Homework
• You must select and complete (neatly) 1 old FRQ that
assesses any state of matter topic (these topics maybe in
Part A or Part B – choose one that assesses most of the
topics discussed for review day 2 in one question).
– Time yourself (remember you only have 55 minutes for ALL of Part A less than 20 min a question - and 40 minutes for ALL of Part B - about
10-15 min a question).
– You may choose part of a question from Part A and part of a question
from Part B for this homework.
• The AP question must come from the released FRQ’s on
collegeboard’s website.
– On top of the first page label the year and question number you
selected.
– Select a year that has released scoring guidelines.
• Complete the question in one color ink and then check your
answer using the scoring guidelines on the website with a
different color ink.
– You will not get credit for your homework if your answers are not
checked in different color.
– Write the points you received out of possible points on the top of the
front page – grade is received upon completion NOT this score, so don’t
lie or copy, you will only be hurting yourself!!!!
Review Day 3: Reaction Topics
(Stoich - Precipitation Equilibrium)
Stoichiometry
• You should understand:
– Moles, mass, representative particles, molar
mass, and avagadro’s #.
– The % composition of an element in a compound.
– Balanced chemical equations and the molar ratio.
– Limiting reactants.
– Reactions in solution (solution stoichiometry)
– The percent yield of a reaction.
• Find the appropriate section in your review book
and complete as many multiple choice questions
as you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15
questions), then you will have 5 minutes to
check your answer (anything you get wrong
mark to go over at home).
Review Day 3 Continued
Thermochemistry
• You should be able to:
– Perform stoichiometric calculations with enthalpy.
– Perform calculations with specific heat.
– Discuss how a calorimeter is used and perform related
calculations.
– Draw, label, and perform associated calculations for heating
curves involving specific heat and enthalpy changes.
– Perform calculations with Hess’ Law.
– Perform calculations with standard heats of formations.
– Compare the absolute entropies of elements and compounds.
– Perform calculations with entropy.
– Perform calculations with free energy.
– Use the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation to explain spontaneity.
• Find the appropriate section in your review book and
complete as many multiple choice questions as you
can in 15 minutes (should be around 15 questions),
then you will have 5 minutes to check your answer
(anything you get wrong mark to go over at home).
Review Day 3 Continued
Equilibrium
• You should be able to:
– Write the equilibrium constant expression for a given reaction.
– Calculate Q and compare it to K to determine if a reaction is at
equilibrium.
– Manipulate K if a reaction is reversed or multiplied be a
coefficient.
– Calculate K from given equilibrium concentrations or vice versa.
– Do calculations involving gaseous equilibria and partial
pressures.
– Compare K values found using concentrations and partial
pressures.
– Use Le Chatelier’s Principle to determine what direction the
position of equilibrium will shift when a change (stress) is
imposed.
• Find the appropriate section in your review book and
complete as many multiple choice questions as you
can in 15 minutes (should be around 15 questions),
then you will have 5 minutes to check your answer
(anything you get wrong mark to go over at home).
Review Day 3 Continued
Solubility (Ksp)
• You should be able to:
– Write balanced equations for the dissolution of a salt and its
corresponding solubility product expression.
– Predict the relative solubilities of salts which dissolve to give the
same number of ions from their Ksp values.
– Calculate the Ksp value from the solubility of a salt.
– Calculate the solubility of a salt in M or g/L when given the Ksp.
– Predict the effect of a common ion on the solubility of a salt and
perform calculations.
– Perform calculations to predict if a precipitate will form when 2
solution are mixed.
– Do problems involving selective precipitation.
– Perform calculations involving complex ions and solubility.
– Use qualitative analysis to separate a mixture of ions.
• Find the appropriate section in your review book and
complete as many multiple choice questions as you
can in 15 minutes (should be around 15 questions),
then you will have 5 minutes to check your answer
(anything you get wrong mark to go over at home).
Review Day 3: Homework
• You must select and complete (neatly) 1 old FRQ that
assesses any gaseous or precipitation equilibrium
topic (this topic will always be in Part A, question 1).
– Time yourself (remember you only have 55 minutes for
ALL of Part A - less than 20 min a question).
• The AP question must come from the released FRQ’s on
collegeboard’s website.
– On top of the first page label the year and question
number you selected.
– Select a year that has released scoring guidelines.
• Complete the question in one color ink and then check
your answer using the scoring guidelines on the website
with a different color ink.
– You will not get credit for your homework if your answers
are not checked in different color.
– Write the points you received out of possible points on the
top of the front page – grade is received upon completion
NOT this score, so don’t lie or copy, you will only be
Review Day 4: Reaction Topics
(Acids/Bases - Kinetics)
Acids/Bases
• You should be able to:
– Understand the acid-base theories of Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and
Lewis.
– Identify strong acids and bases and calculate their pH’s.
– Calculate the pH of a weak acid or base.
– Calculate the concentration of a strong acid/base or weak acid/base
from the pH.
– Calculate the pH and ion concentrations in a polyprotic acid.
– Predict the pH of a salt from its formula and then calculate the pH of the
salt.
– Identify the components of a buffer and perform calculations involving
the preparation of a buffer and the addition of a strong acid or strong
base to a buffer.
– Perform calculations involving titrations involving strong and weak
acids/bases.
– Be familiar with titration curves and selection of an acid-base indicator.
• Find the appropriate section in your review book and complete as
many multiple choice questions as you can in 15 minutes (should be
around 15 questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check your
answer (anything you get wrong mark to go over at home).
Review Day 4 Continued
Electrochemistry
• You should be able to:
– Identify and compare the two types of electrochemical cells: galvanic
and electrolytic.
– Draw and label a galvanic cell, including labeling the electrodes, the
flow of electrons, and the flow of ions.
– Write the half reactions and determine which reactions occur at the
anode and the cathode.
– Give the line notation for a galvanic cell or write a balanced redox from
the line notation.
– Calculate the cell potential for a galvanic cell and an electrolytic cell.
– Calculate the cell potential under nonstandard conditions when the
solutions are not 1.0 M (the Nernst Equation).
– Determine the strengths of oxidizing and reducing agents.
– Draw and label an electrolytic cell, including reactions that occur at the
anode and cathode.
– Perform stoichiometric calculations involving electrolysis.
• Find the appropriate section in your review book and complete as
many multiple choice questions as you can in 15 minutes (should be
around 15 questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check your
answer (anything you get wrong mark to go over at home).
Review Day 4 Continued
Kinetics
• You should be able to:
– Identify factors that affect reaction rates.
– Calculate the rate of production of a product or consumption of a
reactant using mole ratios and the given rate.
– Determine the rate law for a reaction from given data, overall order, and
value of the rate constant, inclusive of units.
– Determine the instantaneous rate of a reaction.
– Use integrated rate laws to determine concentrations at a certain time
and create graphs to determine the order of a reaction.
– Write the rate law from a given mechanism given the speeds of each
elementary step.
– Write the overall reaction for a mechanism and identify catalysts and
intermediates present.
– Determine the activation energy for the reaction using the Arrhenius
equation.
– Graphically determine the activation energy using the Arrhenius
equations.
*We did this topic quickly and some material was not covered you
will need to read about it in your review book.
• Find the appropriate section in your review book and read about the
information you are not familiar with and then complete some
multiple choice questions in about 15 minutes. Then check answers.
Review Day 4: Homework
• You must select and complete (neatly) 1 old FRQ that
assesses any acid/base topic (this topic will almost
always be in Part A, question 1 if assessing equilibrium).
– Time yourself (remember you only have 55 minutes for
ALL of Part A - less than 20 min a question).
• The AP question must come from the released FRQ’s on
collegeboard’s website.
– On top of the first page label the year and question
number you selected.
– Select a year that has released scoring guidelines.
• Complete the question in one color ink and then check
your answer using the scoring guidelines on the website
with a different color ink.
– You will not get credit for your homework if your answers are not
checked in different color.
– Write the points you received out of possible points on the top of
the front page – grade is received upon completion NOT this
score, so don’t lie or copy, you will only be hurting yourself!!!!
Topics to Cover on Your Own
• The last two topics are really assessing your
exposure to lab and basic chemistry knowledge
– it really requires basic chemistry knowledge
and memorization.
• Use your review book to review these topics and
complete multiple choice questions:
– Descriptive Chemistry
• Reaction Prediction is under this topic, use your review book
or the AP Equation writing power point on my website to
practice these.
• There is also a review sheet of descriptive colors on my
website
– Laboratory
• Use a review book to review lab equipment and standard lab
calculations.
Preparing for the Exam:
May 7th @ 8am in the IB Building (don’t be late)
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Use the practice exam to be done in class right before the AP
Exam to assess last minute areas you need to review.
When practicing multiple choice questions make sure you
understand why you get them wrong.
Don’t just go over FRQ’s redo them until you get every part
without looking at answers.
Get a good nights sleep the night before.
Eat breakfast so you can have energy and be alert.
Bring things that comfort you (lucky pencil, gum, etc.)
Bring your picture ID ( I will not be there to vouch for you),
sharpened pencils, pens, and backup calculator or batteries.
Remember, if our are taking AP Environmental (APE), you should
have arranged a reschedule of the APE exam with Ms. Gentile.
Message from Mrs. Andre
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First, there is a pattern to the colors in this presentation, you
should be able to decipher it  - I know, I am a nerd (and
proud of it!).
Second, please try your best!!!! We have worked very hard to
get to this point. You have to have the confidence that you
have learned chemistry (something had to sink in since
August ).
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The worst thing you can do is give up, DO NOT put your head
down, I will find out and be very disappointed .
Finally, no matter how you do I AM PROUD OF YOU!!!!!!!!!
Taking college level chemistry in high school is not easy, you
have challenged yourself and it will pay off in some way.