Transcript Slide 1

From Chernobyl to Fukushima:
introduction
Conveners of GI1.4 session
M. Yamauchi (Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Sweden)
Oleg Voitsekhovych (Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, Ukraine)
Elena Korobova (Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical
Chemistry, Russian Federation)
Michio Aoyama (Meteorological Research Institute, Japan)
Kazuyuki Kita (Ibaraki University, Japan)
Andreas Stohl (Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Norway)
Gerhard Wotawa (Central Inst. Meteorology and Geodynamics, Austria)
Naohiro Yoshida (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan)
From Chernobyl to Fukushima: introduction
Cesium Deposition on Europe, 1986
©Soviet Authorities
by GRID-Arendal (©European Commission, Joint
Research Center, Environment Institute, Institute of
Global Climate and Ecology; Roshydromet;
Minchernobyl; Belhydromet)
From Chernobyl to Fukushima: introduction
• Environment / Geoscience aspect
Without understanding contamination science,
we cannot estimate or protect human exposure
• Multi-disciplinary aspect
- Dynamics / Physics / Chemistry / Biology
- Local / Regional / Global
- Urban / Field / Forest / Water / Ocean
• Multiple-route effects of radionuclide
- External & internal dose
- Physical & biological/environmental decay
- Hardness of radiation (mainly gamma)
Many sciences are involved
Fluid Dynamics and Transport
Physics
Chemical property
(ionized, exited,
bind etc)
Biochemical
transfer and
concentration
How easy to
resolve in water
(Shestopalov et al., 2003)
(c)
(b)
(a)
example: Three types
of fallout
 Different science chemistry &
physics involve for the further
movement of the radionuclides
(a)
(b)
(c)
Our GI1.4 session covers:
1 Radionuclide release and deposition (contamination)
Aerosol physics-chemistry
Atmospheric transport
Surface contamination (fallout)
2 Land environment (contamination & countermeasures)
(Urban), Agriculture, Forest (=Soil-system & Ecosystem)
3 Aquatic environment (contamination & countermeasures)
ocean
hydrology (river, lake, ground water)
hydrology-soil system
4 Future tasks (research & technology)
monitoring & soil experiment tasks
remote sensing & unmanned vehicle technology
health risk modeling (e.g., GIS modeling)
risk analyses in general
Comparison Fukushima – Chernobyl
(same scale)
Fukushima compared to Chernobyl:
- comparable Cs-deposition levels but over smaller area
- no substantial Sr, Am, Pu deposition via atmospheric releases
- however, much larger releases to the sea
7
Speciation and similarities of the impacts
Features
Chernobyl
Fukushima
Atmospheric release
137Cs
90Sr
239-240Pu
IAEA, 2006
NISA Report, 2011
15
0,14
n/a
Atmospheric
deposition
Fuel particles, volatile and
non-volatile elements
Volatile elements only
Deposition areas
Mainly central Europe:
Terrestrial ecosystems,
catchments of the Dnieper and
Danube River basin,
forest and agriculture areas,
Black Sea and Baltic Sea.
* Huge transboundary effect
Pacific coast of Japan:
Complex landscape,
forest, agricultural area,
high density of population,
ocean ecosystem.
* Transboundary effects
negligible
Prevailing pathways
of exposure
External exposure,
consumption of milk and meat,
vegetables
External exposure,
consumption of milk and meat,
vegetables, seafood
47
85
0,03
In both cases the water pathways are not prevailing in human dose
exposure, however its role are significant in some cases of specific water
use such as irrigation, water supply, fishery and seafood production and also
can create inadequate risk perception phenomena
(1)
(3)
(2)
(6)
Radioactive contamination of the
catchments after Chernobyl and aquatic
environment, as versus of fallout formation
date, its physical and chemical forms and
also speciation of the the landscapes at the
deposited river watersheds
(4)
(5)
Calculated plume formation according
to meteorological conditions for
instantaneous releases on the
following dates and times (GMT):
(1) 26 April, 00:00; (2) 27 April, 00:00; (3)
27 April, 12:00; (4) 29 April, 00:00; (5) 2
May, 00:00; and (6) 4 May, 12:00
(Borsilov and Klepikova 1993).
137Cs
activity concentration in different
rivers per unit of deposition (Smith, 2004)
extra slides for questions
From Chernobyl to Fukushima: introduction
(IAEA, 2006)
From Chernobyl to Fukushima: introduction
137Cs
contamination (Kashparov et al., 2003)
From Chernobyl to Fukushima: introduction
From Chernobyl to Fukushima: introduction
(Shaw et al., 2002)
From Chernobyl to Fukushima: introduction
(IAEA, 2006)