Transcript Finance/Marketing/People/Offices

TRANSPORT AND PUBLIC HEALTH:
CASE STUDIES
Robert Ravelli
Contemporary Transport™
"Planning for our Future"
Where Transport Affects Health
Infrastructure
• The built facilities and modes that allow people to achieve
health benefits through greater access or availability of health
improvement enablers.
• Access to Recreation Facilities (gyms, parks, pools, cycling
clubs etc)
• Access to Quality Food Outlets that are nearby and fresh
• Access to Healthy Transport Options direct health
improvements achieved through enabling people to use
healthier options for transport such as cycling and walking
Where Transport Affects Health
Behaviour
• Options to improve health by educating, informing and incentivising
transport users and local communities to use mobility alternatives. Using
social marketing to change behaviours.
• Encouraging individuals to switch to alternative travel modes such as active
travel other than travelling alone in cars
• Changing individual travel patterns to reduce the need to travel or to reduce
peak demand
How Transport Can Harm Health
•
Past policy and practice has often given priority to physically inactive modes of transport. The
design and layout of towns and cities can discourage travel and access by public transport,
on foot or by bicycle.
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Psychological Effects – can be caused by community severance, noise and visual impacts.
Negative psychological effects may also arise due to a negative traveller experience due to
overcrowded or unsafe transport systems
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Air pollution from vehicles affects respiratory health.
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Noise pollution has potential to affect hearing at high levels. Traffic noise is an important
cause of annoyance, as shown by differences in house prices related to noise. There are
possible links to increased blood pressure, and therefore heart disease, but this is not yet
properly established.
•
Road injuries. In Britain, there are over 3000 deaths and 60,000 severe – often long-term –
injuries each year. Road injuries are caused by vehicle drivers, but the majority of injured are
pedestrians, passengers and cyclists. Rail and train transport have much fewer injuries per
journey.
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Transportation, particularly new roads and rail systems usually require the clearing of land,
which can affect natural areas of high ecological value. Once constructed, the system can
create a permanent impact on the landscape, resulting in long term visual and ecological
impacts
How Transport Benefits Health
• Active Travel systems can reduce physical inactivity, through promotion of
walking and cycling
• Commuters can also gain health benefits by walking and cycling to mass
transit stations.
• mproved transport infrastructure can promote economic development to an
area and provide access for local residents to employment and educational
opportunities resulting in improved psychological effects to a population
• Mass transit systems can improve air quality through the
reducedconsumption of fossil fuels.
• Active travel can also provide significant air quality benefits as this form of
transit does not require consumption of fossil fuels or other external energy
sources.
• The substitution of roads with cars and trucks with biking and walking
facilities can provide benefits in terms of noise reduction as active travel
modes generally result in lower noise emissions than other forms
Future Car Commuting?
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Meals That Fit into Your Cup Holder
Touch Screen Meal Orders at the Bowser
Refrigerated Glove Box
Satellite Navigation Around Gridlock
Jobs Move Out to the Suburbs to Be Near
Skilled Workers Which Enables People to
Move Even Further Out
Active Living by Design
• Current trends indicate a strong association between
land use, automobile dependency, the level of
routine physical activity among Americans, and their
health.
• Land use planning that reduces distances between
destinations can help improve public health by
promoting active living, a way of life that integrates
physical activity into daily routines.
• Active Living by Design promotes environments
that offer choices for integrating physical activity into
daily life. www.activelivingbydesign.org
Active Living by Design
• Opportunities for land use reform to
encourage physical activity have never been
greater. In order to realize change in the daily
lives of citizens development must become
more compact and mixed so that trips,
especially to routine destinations, can be
shorter and alternatives such as walking,
bicycling and public transit can be more
accessible, safe, convenient, affordable and
practical.
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Walk, Cycle, Public Transit
Percent of Walk, Cycle and Public Transit
Percent of Obesity
35
Medieval cities were based on walking and
hence were compact by necessity
Sprawl Impacts Health:
Where do you walk?
Poundbury, Dorchester
Transport and Land Use
Responses
• A more compact and mixed land use pattern that
offers shorter distances to interesting destinations
with pedestrian-friendly design would encourage
walking and biking, remove barriers to activity for
everyone; and make healthy levels of physical activity
attainable for large numbers of people during their
daily routine.
Suggested Policies
• Establish a close and consistent link between land use and transportation
plans and priorities.
• Approve local policies that are consistent with these plans and with
broader community values.
• Update zoning ordinances, building codes, and approval processes to
encourage compact community design and a tighter mixture of activities.
• Enact ordinances, codes and other policies that encourage owners to build
on vacant lots and revitalize vacant properties.
• Update road policies and standards and parking requirements and fees to
improve connectivity, safety, street design and incentives for transit and
nonmotorized transportation.
• Focus on convenient siting and safe multimodal access to important
destinations such as public schools and civic buildings.
• Ensure funding for pedestrian and cycling-oriented capital improvements
and public transit.
Physical Projects
• Mix land uses close together and include civic uses in the mix.
• Place higher density housing near commercial centers, transit lines and
parks.
• Create commercial centers or districts, rather than strip malls, to
encourage walking.
• Build accessible parks, trails and other recreational spaces.
• Revive the downtown as a community gathering place and add housing to
help create a safe, 24-hour-a-day walking environment.
• Renovate vacant, upperstory apartments in downtowns.
• Locate schools, parks, work sites and shopping areas near residential
areas to encourage routine walking and biking.
Physical Projects
• Design neighborhoods to be self-policing to lessen the cost of law
enforcement.
• Build shared courtyards to encourage neighbors to watch out for each
other. Enhance lighting and windows on the street for security.
• Create community gardens to bring people together, encourage physical
activity and good nutrition and decrease crime.
• Develop parking lots that provide for a continuous, attractive streetscape,
safe pedestrian and bicycle access to buildings, and opportunities for
shared use.
• Design pedestrian-scale buildings and signs.
Well-Designed
Density
Urban-Advantage.com
Transit-Oriented
Areas
Urban-Advantage.com
Charlotte South Corridor
Tyvola Road Station Area
Barriers to Pedestrians
Sea of Parking
Former K-Mart Store
Study Area
The Olympic Legacy
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Combating climate change
Reducing waste
Enhancing biodiversity
Promoting inclusion
Improving healthy living
The Olympic Legacy: Healthy Living
• The aquatic centre will be made available
for local use
• The polyclinic will be transformed into a
primary care centre for the local community
• New park space will encourage sports,
walking, cycling etc. Park will be the size of
Hyde Park
• Improved transport connections
Methods of Travel to Work
Car or Van Ownership Per
Household
Health of Residents
Percentage of Under 15’s not in Good Health
25
20
15
UK Average
10
5
0
Hackney
Newham
T. Hamlets
W. Forest
Life Expectancy Profile
82
81
80
UK Average
79
78
77
76
75
74
Hackney
New ham
T. Hamlets
W. Forest
Low Income Areas- Barriers to
Physical Activity
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Long distances to important daily destinations
Lack of meaningful transportation choice
Unsafe neighbourhood and traffic conditions
Poor access to parks and recreational facilities
Air pollution, lack of time
Poor general health
Lack of social support for exercise.
Unaffordable fees for recreation facilities, child care
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Article Nov. 08
Research suggests that neighborhood residents who have better
access to supermarkets and limited access to convenience stores tend
to have healthier diets and lower levels of obesity. National and local
studies across the U.S. suggest that residents of low-income, minority,
and rural neighborhoods are most often affected by poor access to
supermarkets and healthful food. In contrast, the availability of fast-food
restaurants and energy-dense foods has been found to be greater in
lower-income and minority neighborhoods.
Access to Food
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Lack of supermarkets and quality food outlets
The provision of food within buildings
Providing space and organizing farmers markets
Subsidizing construction of supermarkets that are incorporated into
developments that are accessible by walking and public transport
• In Philadelphia the number of supermarkets in the lowest-income
neighbourhoods was 156 percent less than in the highest-income
neighbourhoods
• Newham Food Access Partnership, Community Food Enterprise.
Community Food Enterprise
• Community Food Enterprise (CFE) runs a number of
food projects within and also outside Newham,
including 12 social food outlets and a Mobile Food
Store.
• They are also developing a local food hub, to enable
an expansion of their fruit and vegetable distribution
activities, and an innovative mobile juice bar project.
• www.community-food-enterprise.org.uk
What Can the Host Boroughs Do?
• Education programs that promote behaviour change in the ways
residents and visitors travel
• Connectivity improvements that link the surrounding community
with the Olympic Park
• Designing mixed use transit oriented development that promotes
active living, public health and mobility alternatives
• Increasing outlets for food choices
• Incorporating recreation facilities in new development
and regeneration schemes
• Creating a physical environment that less dominated by the car
given the low car ownership in the area
Mayor’s Health Inequalities
Strategy
• Ensure that all major planning applications and Local
Development Frameworks take full account of the need to
provide more good quality affordable housing, and seek
to optimise positive impacts on physical and mental
health
• Further develop social infrastructure planning models to
ensure that new developments make a proper
contribution to the provision of health related services
Mayor’s Health Inequalities
Strategy
• Ensure that new residential developments have
accessible transport links, including high quality
walking and cycling opportunities.
• Ensure the regeneration opportunities associated with
the 2012 Olympics support the delivery of improved
infrastructure for sport and physical activity across
London.
Olympic Delivery Authority
Initiatives
The London 2012 Sustainability Plan “Towards a One
Planet 2012” areas for action to maximise the health
benefits of the Games coming to London
• Active Spectator Program
• Provision of low emission vehicles
• LOCOG One Planet Education Program
• Enabling construction workers to access the site
without increasing congestion
• Travel planning for ticketed spectators
Summary results of epidemiological assessment
Environmental
Measurement
General Health
Effects
Environmental
Statement Reported
Impact
Estimated
Epidemiological
Impact
Nitrogen Oxides NOx
episodes of acute
respiratory illness
not reduced
existing harm
unchanged
Particulate Matter
PM10
premature deaths
not reduced
existing harm
unchanged
Noise
Decibels at sensitive
points
annoyance,
(possibly) heart
disease, child school
concentration
not reduced
existing harm
increased
Energy/Climate
Change
Carbon Dioxide CO2
global health effects
minimal increase
existing harm remains
the same
Transport Injuries
Vehicle journeys
injuries and deaths
unchanged
existing harm
unchanged subject to
further study
Physical Inactivity
Exercise
longer life through
physical and mental
health
not specified
existing harm
reduced.
Benefits occur during
Games time through
Active Spectator
Programme.
Legacy impacts not
clear
Environmental
Factor (WHO
Guidance)
Air
emissions
Qualitative Assessment-OTP Projects Assessed
OTP Ref
Project Title
Brief Description
Transport Strategy for The Games
4.1.3 and
Chapter 6
Demand Management
Demand management programmes aim to reduce commuter and non games travel on key routes, reducing
congestion on trains and at stations. Demand management also promotes walking and cycling as an
alternative to public transport, particularly at transport pressure points (eg Covent Garden).
Olympic Family Transport
5.23 – 5.61
Olympic and Paralympic Route
Networks
A network of roads linking all competition and key non competition venues to move the Olympic and
Paralympic family safely, quickly and reliably between key competition and non-competition venues.
The ORN includes a number of junction improvements, kerbside controls, dedicated lanes and traffic
management measures.
Major Rail Schemes for the Olympic Park
6.66-6.73
Stratford Regional Station
The station is subject to a programme of enhancement works to treble the capacity of the station and make it
fully accessible. Works include new staircases, lifts, platforms (extensions) and widenings and other
optimisation works.
6.74-6.79
West Ham Station
The proposals for West Ham Station include the provision of new public transport links to allow spectators to
access to the Greenway and Olympic Park. Improvements include new accessibility arrangements to
the greenway and signalling enhancements to increase the number of passengers who can board and
alight at West Ham station during peak hours.
Mode Specific Schemes
6.102-6.104
Docklands Light Railway
Infrastructure works to allow for three car trains on most of the existing DLR network. The scheme will involve
platform extensions at 12 Docklands Light railway stations, modification of four stations and the
relocation of South Quay station.
Walking and Cycling
6.241-6.247
Olympic Park Greenways
A number of potential new routes focusing on off road routes and quiet roads to be used for walking and
cycling before, during and after The Games.
6.249-6.251
Active Spectator Programme
An umbrella concept that includes a number of promotional initiatives designed to promote and encourage
walking and cycling to games venues
Other ODA Programmes
N/A
Orient Way Sidings Redevelopment
The Orient Way sidings redevelopment involves dismantling old railway sidings, clearing the site and
constructing new sidings with an amenity building housing the shunters control.
Legacy PhaseTransportation
Issues
• Predicted Traffic Increases: 10% by 2012,
14% by 2014, 60% by +2021 includes
surrounding development
• Enhanced Accessibility to Public Transport:
high PTAL levels resulting from redevelopment
of Olympic Park
• Surrounding Development Impacts: Stratford
City Centre
Results of Qualitative Assessment
• During games time, lasting for approximately 7 weeks, there
will be some unavoidable health impacts largely due to
increased usage of transport networks servicing the Olympic
Park. There is potential for increased risk of injury due to the
operation of the Olympic Road Network and potential for
increased greenhouse gas emissions due to spectators
travelling to The Games by car from other UK regions, outside
London. There will be some improvement in physical activity
levels, primarily due to the Active Spectator Programme and
the provision of infrastructure that promotes walking and
cycling (eg the Greenway).
Results of Qualitative Assessment
• The legacy phase will extend from 2012 for an
undefined period. Benefits could gained from
increased ‘’Active Travel Modes’’, although
this will depend upon the degree of utilisation
of new active travel infrastructure. There could
also be a number of health benefits arising
from improved transportation infrastructure,
generally resulting from improved access to
employment, education and health facilities
Results of Qualitative Assessment
• The games time phase will result in relatively
short term and unavoidable impacts to health.
• The legacy phase will last for a considerably
longer period and long term health benefits
arising from the OTP could be realised if
managed properly.
• The legacy phase has potentially the greatest
returns for health in relation to investment.
Findings
• Olympic Transport Plan will not have an
negative impact on public health that would
lead to an increase in harm.
Transport and Health: Some Next Steps
• Change Zoning to Allow Mixed Use
• Shift Investment to Transit Oriented Development
to Redirect Growth to Existing Centres
• Crossrail- station area plans to create TOD’s
• High Speed 2- development around stations to
help fund project
• Sustrans Connect2 Project and Active Travel
Program
• Princes Foundation for the Built Environment
Waitrose Cycle Trailer Scheme
Free Rentals of Cycle Trailers in 24 of Its Stores (in London- East Sheen,
West Ealing and Holloway Road)