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Young & Kent:
International Relations since 1945
The Cold War and Black Africa
Cold War, European Empire and
post-colonialism
The early Cold War and French
Africa 1948-1953
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Impact of the Brazzaville Conference
Nature and impact of the socio-economic reforms
Fear of international pressures
African communism and the Cold War:
- Madagascar and the impact on African
dependencies of communism in France 1947
- African parties and the political process in
French
West Africa
- the Ivory Coast evenements and the Mitterand
reforms 1949-50
The early Cold War and British Africa
1948-54
• The Colonial Office and reform in West Africa
• The Accra Riots and the Cold War impact February
1948
- the Czech coup and the climate of fear
- the effect on constitutional change
- the Watson Report and the Coussey
Commission
• Danquah, Nkrumah and the political process
-radicalism and positive action
- Sir Arden-Clarke, Nkrumah and the road to the
transfer of power
• The nature and creation of the Central African
Federation
The End of the French African
Empire 1953-1963
• The loi cadre and the reform of the French
Union, 1956
• The African impact of De Gaulle and Algeria
1958
- political reform and the French
Community
- impact of Guinea’s rejection of the
community
• Economic theories of French decolonization
• Independence in 1960 and the bilateral links
to France
The changing African Cold War:
crisis in the independent Congo
• The Belgian attempts to deal with political change
and African anti-colonialism 1959
• Independence June 1960
- the economic difficulties Belgium created for
the independent state
- the political difficulties of the ethnic and regional
diversity
• The force publique mutiny and Tshombe’s Katangan
secession, July 1960
• The Cold War and Western reactions
• Belgium sending troops to deal with the threat to law
and order uninvited
The UN, the US and independence
in the Congo 1960
• The Cold War aims of Belgium, the US and Hammarskjold, the
UN Secretary General
• African reactions to the Congo crisis, July 1960
- the issue of neo-colonialism
• The role of the UN and the security council resolutions of July
and August
- Lumumba’s fury at his subordination to the UN in dealing
with Katanga
- Soviet aid and the prospect of Congo-Soviet co-operation
• UN failure to end the secession or secure the withdrawal of
Belgian troops
• The US Cold War anti-Lumumba policy
• Mobutu and the College of Commissioners
Cold War and crisis in the Congo,
1961-1965
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The murder of Lumumba
- the roles of the Belgians, Katangans and the Congo government
The Congo secessions, the dissolution of the College of Commissioners and the US Cold War dilemma
The Tananerive summit, the Coquilhatville Conference and the detention of Tshombe
The formation of the Adoula government August 1961 and the death of Hammarskjold
Violence and UN Katangan fighting September, December 1961 – the mercenary problem
-UN successes and failures
The KItona talks December 1961 and subsequent negotiations on the agreement to end the secession
The Katangan situation in the summer of 1962
- the four technical commissions on the reintegration issues
- Tshombe’s continued stalling and the weakening of Adoula
- US international talks on the end of secession
- U Thant’s Reconciliation Plan Aug
- McGhee’s mission failure and fighting in N Katanga September
UN sanctions and US military assistance end Katangan secession December-January
Nation building and the start of the armed rebellions 1963
The return of Tshombe and the mercenaries 1964
- the US and the Belgian paratroop landing, October 1964
- the role of the US financed and equipped mercenary forces
Kasavubu-Tshombe and the Mobutu coup 1965
The Portuguese Empire and the Cold
War 1961-1963
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African nationalist movements operating from the Congo
- the UPA and Roberto
- the role of the Americans
The revolt of 1961
- Portuguese colonialism and Angola’s importance
- the socio-economic conditions in Angola
The UN and the 1961 resolutions
Angolan ‘nationalism’
- the establishment of the MPLA, FNLA and the provisional government
1961 and 1962
- MPLA ideology and Neto’s replacement of Andrade December 1962
The Azores base
- Kennedy and the military’s Hot War requirements
The effect of the base on US Cold War requirements
- the Ball mission to Lisbon, the Cold War role of Portuguese reform and
Angolan self-determination
The UN 1962-63
The end of the British Empire in
Africa 1957 - 1965
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Nigeria and federation
- the Willink Report 1957 and the need to strengthen nationalism to create a more
viable state
Foreign Office and US Cold War pressure
- speeding up the transfer of power v the dangers of going too fast
- ‘Africa in the Next Ten Years’ 1959
Multi-racialism and the search for collaborators
The rush to transfer power
- Tanganyika and the need for peaceful development
The impact of events in Africa
- the Hola Camp massacre
- The Nyasaland Emergency and the Devlin Report 1959
- the changes in French and Belgian Africa
The Kenyan constitutional process and the end of multi-racialism
The Central African Federation problem
- the increasing desirability and difficulty of a dignified departure
Britain’s global role and the advocates of Empire
- Cold War crisis avoidance
- African pressures and the loss of Empire by default
Civil War in the aftermath of Empire:
Nigeria
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The Islamic North and divisions in the westernized South
- Yoruba and Ibo politics
The 1966 coups
- the resultant changes to the federal state
- growing divisions between the North and the Eastern region in
the South
The creation of Biafra 1967
- the strengths and weaknesses of the new state
- resources
- the significance of regional changes in Nigeria
The outbreak and course of the Civil War 1967-70
- Ojukwu’s advance
- Capture of Enugu 1968
British diplomacy and Cold War alliances
French policy and external African influences
The genocide issue and the defeat of Biafra
Civil War in the aftermath of Empire:
Angola
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The Angolan situation in 1974 and the opposition to colonialism
- the social, economic and ethnic divisions
- political parties and the formation of UNITA 1966
External factors and their impact
- the impact of the Congo crisis
- the arrival of the Chinese 1973
- the Carnation Revolution in Portugal 1974
- Soviet aid
- Kissinger’s policies 1974
The Alva Accord and independence1975
Cuban assistance 1975
The debate over who was initiating the external escalation and who was
responding to it
Escalation and the entry of South African forces
The Cold War significance of Angola
- Kissinger’s misperceptions and the collapse of US aid
- the implications of the communist ‘victory’