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Gender equality and empowerment of women in the implementation of the MDGs Regional Perspectives Neda Jafar UN ESCWA [email protected] Towards effective mainstreaming • Define the problem • Need for policy • Measure by statistics – Implementation – Impact 2 ESCWA’s diverse membership: Development Trends • varied level of economic and technological development • unequal progress towards MDGs, including health • unequal impact of financial crisis on sub-regions Natural Resources • large oil and gas reserves • water scarcity and arid environment Human Resources • high population growth • increased educational attainment • Youth bulge • Migration of educated population Slide 3 Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Employment-to-population ratio, women and men (latest data, percentage) Women Men Comoros Somalia Qatar UAE Kuwait Bahrain Algeria Libya The Sudan Morocco Oman Saudi Arabia Mauritania Lebanon Syria Egypt Tunisia Yemen Jordan Iraq Palestine • Only 22 per cent of women are employed – an increase of 4 per cent since the early 1990s – compared with 69 per cent of men (figure unchanged in the same period). • The ratio of women in employment has increased in all subregions since the early 1990s, ranging from 17 per cent in the Arab Mashreq to 29 per cent in the LDCs. GCC Maghreb LDCs Arab Mashreq Arab region 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Slide 4 Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education Enrolment ratio in primary education (latest data, percentage) Boys Girls Egypt Iraq Jordan Lebanon Palestine Syria Algeria Morocco Tunisia Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia UAE Comoros Djibouti Mauritania The Sudan Yemen • Gender disparity in enrolment at the regional level: 6 per cent more boys than girls enrolled in primary school. • The gap in enrolment is particularly significant in the LDCs: male enrolment was 60 per cent, while female enrolment was just 48 per cent (in 2007). • Most Arab countries have made progress in primary education survival rates and gains made in both enrolment and survival rates since 1990 have been translated into improved youth literacy rates. Arab Mashreq Maghreb Gulf LDCs Arab region 100 50 0 50 100 Slide 5 Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women Gender Parity Index in primary, secondary and tertiary enrolment Qatar Bahrain Kuwait UAE Tunisia Algeria Lebanon Palestine Saudi Arabia Libya Jordan Oman The Sudan Morocco Comoros Mauritania Djibouti Iraq Syria Egypt Yemen Somalia 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.1 2.5 1.0 1.1 2.3 1.0 1.0 2.1 1.0 1.1 1.5 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.5 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.4 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.6 Maghreb Arab Mashreq GCC LDCs 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.8 Arab region 0.9 1.0 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.6 0.7 0.6 0.9 6.1 GPI primary GPI secondary GPI tertiary • The Arab region, in general, has made significant progress in reducing gender disparity and attaining gender equality in all three levels of education (primary, secondary and tertiary). • The Arab LDCs still fall short of achieving gender equality in education with the largest gender gaps being in Yemen (secondary and tertiary), Somalia (primary) and Mauritania (tertiary). • Disparity between the sexes increases at higher levels of education (in the GCC, this difference is in favour of women). 1.1 Slide 6 Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women Seats held by women in national parliaments (latest data, percentage) Iraq Tunisia UAE Mauritania The Sudan Djibouti Syria Morocco Somalia Algeria Libya Kuwait Jordan Lebanon Comoros Bahrain Egypt Yemen Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia LDCs Arab Mashreq Maghreb GCC Arab region 25.5 22.8 22.5 22.1 • The target of 30 per cent female representation in national parliaments remains a distant objective. • The highest proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments was seen in Iraq (26 per cent), followed by Tunisia and the United Arab Emirates (both at 23 per cent) and Mauritania (22 per cent). 18.1 13.8 12.4 10.5 8.2 7.7 7.7 3.1 6.4 4.7 3 2.5 1.8 0.3 Early 1990s [NB: Due to recent elections the figure for Tunisia rose to 27.6 per cent in June 2010] Late 2000s • 11 10 10 4 10 The number of seats held by women in national parliaments declined by 55 per cent in Egypt and by 93 per cent in Yemen between the early 1990s and late 2000s. Slide 7 Goal 5: Improvement of Maternal Health Maternal mortality ratio per 100.000 live births (2005) 285 Arab region LDCs GCC Maghreb Arab Mashreq Somalia Mauritania Djibouti The Sudan Yemen Comoros Iraq Morocco Algeria Lebanon Syria Egypt Tunisia Libya Oman Jordan UAE Bahrain Saudi Arabia Qatar Kuwait • Maternal mortality at 285 deaths for every 100,000 live births remains unacceptably high in the Arab region. • The risk of a woman dying from treatable or preventable complications of pregnancy and childbirth is a major concern in the Arab LDCs. • Significant differences in maternal mortality rates between subregions: In 2005, the rate in the Arab LDCs was 594 deaths for every 100,000 live births, 27 times the rate in the GCC countries. 594 22 188 171 1400 820 650 450 430 400 300 240 180 150 130 130 100 97 64 62 37 32 18 12 4 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900100011001200130014001500 Slide 8 Towards effective mainstreaming • Define the problem • Need for policy • Measure by statistics – Implementation – Impact 9 Policy Recommendations Achieving gender equality is not only morally right, but also catalytic to development as a whole. It creates political, economic, and social opportunities for women which benefit individuals, communities, countries and the world. General need to mainstreaming gender into all MDGs by supporting a twintrack approach: gender mainstreaming (mainstreaming gender issues into all aspects of development policy); and specific measures aimed at socioeconomic and political empowerment of women. • • • developing legislation and implementing laws on equal rights and equal opportunities in all areas (i.e. designing national action plans), integrating gender perspective in national policies and enabling national gender machinery to improve their capacity (i.e. trainings) to contribute to policy-making, and dedicating resources to support achievement of gender equality and empowerment of women (i.e. introduction of gender-based budgeting). What are the policies? Specific policy recommendations for the Arab region (examples) Economic Participation • Governments to eliminate discriminative legislation governing social security, taxation, pension, in addition to laws that restrict women's freedom of movement. • Governments to ensure the right of women to decent working conditions, including equal pay for equal work as well as encourage women to enter non-traditional careers and participate in labour institutions such as trade unions. • Governments to enact legislation that raises the minimum age for marriage to improve retention rates for girls - particularly at the secondary level. • Focus of resources and efforts not only to ensure enrolment and survival, but also on revising curricula to improve the overall quality of education and to eliminate all discriminatory images and stereotypes about women and girls in textbooks. • Governments to provide a supportive infrastructure (i.e. transportation, telecommunications, electricity and water supply) helps to reduce domestic work load. In turn, this will facilitate the participation of women in the public sphere and increase the rate of female enrolment in schools. • Governments to introduce temporary measures such as the quota system to accelerate women’s political representation in national parliaments and at the local/municipal level. • Policies to include capacity-building, for example concerning women’s leadership skills and practical skills such as campaigning. Education Political Participation Slide 12 Towards effective mainstreaming • Define the problem • Need for policy • Measure by statistics How can we collect solid evidence? How do we measure progress? How can we assess impact? 13 Measurement recommendations What are the measures? • Qualitative indicators - to get insight • women’s opinion on implementation practices vis-à-vis social security, taxation, pension, women’s freedom of movement. Sex-disaggregated data – to define problem area • Gender analysis – to define problem area for programme implementation Wage gap analysed against the characteristics (education level, age, etc,,,) of groups of women, against the characteristics of both women and men, in private and public sectors, rural/urban, disabled, etc... (disaggregation at all levels) Trend analysis - to measure progress/regress proportion of women to men benefiting from social security, pension, laws in favour of their freedom of movement Time series by focus group Impact assessment – to validate policy effectiveness % of change in economic empowerment, survival rates, etc… Conclusions Disaggregated data is at the heart of effective programme planning and policy-making • To enhance understanding in gender issues and concerns by statisticians and policy makers • To build capacities of national statistical system to mainstream gender perspective in statistical standards and methods • To collect quantitative, sex-disaggregated data and gendersensitive indicators • To institutionalize collection of qualitative data in support of quantitative disaggregated data • To conduct gender analysis and publish results for programme planning and policymaking • To implement gender perspective and analysis in formulation and monitoring of strategies, and development goals including the MDGs 15 Thank you!