Transcript Slide 1

College of Engineering
Introduction to Wind Energy
James McCalley ([email protected])
Honors 322W, Wind Energy Honors Seminar
January 24, 2011
Discovery with Purpose
www.engineering.iastate.edu
College of Engineering
Overview
• Some preliminaries
• Background on Wind
Energy in US
• Grand challenge questions
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College of Engineering
Some preliminaries
A lawnmower engine is 3HP (2.2kW or 0.0022 MW).
Typical car engine is 200 HP (150kw or 0.15MW).
Typical home demands 1.2kW at any given moment, on avg.
1MW=106watts106w/1200w=833 homes powered by a MW.
Ames peak demand is about 126MW.
The US has 1,121,000MW of power plant capacity.
• Power: MW=1341HP.
• Energy: MWhr=3.413MMbtu (106btu); 1btu=1055joules
1 gallon gasoline=0.0334MWhr; Typical home uses 11000kWhrs=11MWhrs in 1 year.
• E=P×T 1 ton coal=6MWhrs.
• Run 1.5 MW turbine at 1.5 MW for 2 hrs: 3 MWhrs.
• Run 1.5 MW turbine at 0.5 MW for 2 hrs: 1MWhrs
Capacity, Prated
Power, P
• If P varies with t:
Power, P(t)
1.5 MW
T
E   P(t)dt
Time, t 
0
Time, T Energy, E
• Capacity
8760
factor:  P(t)dt
CF 
0
Prated  8760
Actual annual
energy production
as a percentage of
annual energy
production at Prated
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College of Engineering
Background on Wind Energy in US
U.S. Annual
& Cumulative
Wind Power
Capacity
Growth
But what
happened in
2010?
Source: AWEA 2010 Annual Wind Report
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College of Engineering
Background on Wind Energy in US
2010 is
different!
Source: AWEA 2010 Third Quarter Market Report
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College of Engineering
Background on Wind Energy in US
Percentage of
New Capacity
Additions.
Source: AWEA 2010 Annual Wind Report
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College of Engineering
Background on Wind Energy in US
US
Generation
mix
Source: AWEA 2010 Annual Wind Report
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College of Engineering
Background on Wind Energy in US
U.S. Wind
Power
Capacity By
State
Source: AWEA 2010 Third Quarter Market Report
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College of Engineering
Background on Wind Energy in US
U.S.
Wind
Power
Capacity
By State
Source: AWEA Wind Power Outlook 2010
Source: AWEA 2010 Third Quarter Market Report
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College of Engineering
Background on Wind Energy in US
Market share
of total 2008
wind
installations
Source: AWEA 2009 Annual Wind Report
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College of Engineering
Background on Wind Energy in US
Ownership
by company
and by
regulated
utility
Source: AWEA 2009 Annual Wind Report
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College of Engineering
Background on Wind Energy in US
Wind plant
size
Source: AWEA 2009 Annual Wind Report
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Background on Wind Energy in US
College of Engineering
29 states, differing in % (10-40), timing (latest is 2030), eligible
technologies/resources (all include wind)
WA: 15% by 2020*
MN: 25% by 2025
MT: 15% by 2015
☼ OR: 25% by 2025
(large utilities)*
5% - 10% by 2025 (smaller utilities)
VT: (1) RE meets any increase
in retail sales by 2012;
(2) 20% RE & CHP by 2017
(Xcel: 30% by 2020)
MI: 10% + 1,100 MW
ND: 10% by 2015
by 2015*
SD: 10% by 2015
WI: Varies by utility;
10% by 2015 goal
☼ NV: 25% by 2025*
☼ CO: 20% by 2020
IA: 105 MW
(IOUs)
10% by 2020 (co-ops & large munis)*
CA: 33% by 2020
UT: 20% by 2025*
KS: 20% by 2020
☼ NY: 24% by 2013
☼ OH: 25% by 2025†
☼ IL: 25% by 2025
WV: 25% by 2025*†
VA: 15% by 2025*
☼ MO: 15% by 2021
☼ AZ: 15% by 2025
☼ NC: 12.5% by 2021 (IOUs)
☼ NM: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)
10% by 2018 (co-ops & munis)
ME: 30% by 2000
New RE: 10% by 2017
☼ NH: 23.8% by 2025
☼ MA: 15% by 2020
+ 1% annual increase
(Class I Renewables)
RI: 16% by 2020
CT: 23% by 2020
☼ PA: 18% by 2020†
☼ NJ: 22.5% by 2021
☼ MD: 20% by 2022
☼ DE: 20% by 2019*
☼ DC: 20% by 2020
10% by 2020 (co-ops)
TX: 5,880 MW by 2015
HI: 40% by 2030
State renewable portfolio standard
State renewable portfolio goal
Solar water heating eligible
☼
*
†
Minimum solar or customer-sited requirement
29 states & DC
have an RPS
6 states have goals
Extra credit for solar or customer-sited renewables
Includes non-renewable alternative resources
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College of Engineering
Background on Wind Energy in US
Tax
incentives
• Federal Incentives:
• Renewed incentives Feb 2009 through 12/31/12, via ARRA
• 2.1 cents per kilowatt-hour PTC or 30% investment tax credit (ITC)
• State incentives:
• IA: 1.5¢/kWhr for small wind, 1¢/kWhr for large wind
• Various other including sales & property tax reductions
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College of Engineering
Background on Wind Energy in US
Congressional bills
Waxman-Markey Energy &
Climate Bill (House, passed)
2012 renewables target
6% of electric energy renewable
2020 renewables target
20%
2012 Emissions target
Cuts by 3% (2005 baseline)
2013 Emissions target
Kerry-Graham Climate Bill
(Senate)
In separate bill (Bingaman)
Cuts by 4.25% (2005 baseline)
2020 Emissions target
Cuts by 17% (2005 baseline)
Cuts by 20% (2005 baseline)
2030 Emissions target
Cuts by 42% (2005 baseline)
42% (2005 baseline)
2050 Emissions target
Cuts by 83% (2005 baseline)
83% (2005 baseline)
Emissions reductions are “economy wide” but there is
interest to focus on utilities first, and perhaps only.
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College of Engineering
Background on Wind Energy in US
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College of Engineering
Solar, 0.09
Nuclear,
8.45
8.45
6.82
20.54
Electric
Generation
39.97
12.68
27.39
Hydro, 2.45
Residenti
al
11.48
Wind, 0.51
Geotherma
l 0.35
Natural
Gas 23.84
Commerci
al
8.58
Coal
22.42
Industrial
23.94
8.58
Used
Energy
42.15
20.9
Biomass
3.88
Petroleum
37.13
Unused
Energy
(Losses
57.07
26.33
LightDuty: 17.12Q
Freight:
7.55Q
Aviation:
3.19Q
Transportation
27.86
6.9
5
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College of Engineering
US ENERGY USE IS 68% ELECTRIC &
TRANSPORTATION
GREENING ELECTRIC & ELECTRIFYING
TRANSPORTATION SOLVES THE EMISSIONS PROBLEM
US CO2 EMISSIONS* IS 60%
ELECTRIC & TRANSPORTATION
* Anthropogenic
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College of Engineering
Solar, 1.0
15
INCREASE Non-CO2
6.82
Nuclear, 15
Hydro, 2.95 12Q
to
20.54
Electric
Generation
49.72
12.68
25.7
30Q
Residenti
al
11.48
Wind, 8.1
Geotherma
l 3.04
Commerci
al
8.58
Natural
Gas 23.84
Used
Energy
42.15
IGCC, 3
Old Coal
10.42
8.58
Industrial
23.94
8.5
Biomass
3.88
Petroleum
15.13
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26.33
REDUCE PETROLEUM 37Q15Q
LightDuty:
Freight:
Aviation:
8.56Q
3.75Q
3.19Q
Transportation
15.5
Unuse
d
Energy
(Losse
s)
43.0
6.9
5
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Forecasted
NERC, 2018
College of Engineering
Hi
Eff&Renewable
UCS (NEMS),
2030
Hi IGCC/CCS
NAE, 2035
Hi Wind
ISU, 2035
Technolg
y
∆GW
Overnight
cost
Trillion $
∆GW
Overnight
cost
Trillion $
∆GW
Overnight
cost
Trillion $
∆GW
Overnight
cost
Trillion $
Con Solar
20.4
0.102
238
1.195
-
0
65.5
0.329
PV solar
-
0
174
1.051
-
0
58.9
0.356
Nuclear
14.8
0.049
4.4
0.015
100
0.332
60.9
0.202
Wind
onshore
229
0.440
670
1.288
350
0.673
630
1.211
Wind
offshore
-
0
62
0.239
-
0
80
0.307
Geothrml
0.4
.002
31.8
0.127
-
0
106
0.424
Coal
convntnl
19
0.039
red
0
red
0
red
0
-
0
7
0.024
400
1.400
29.5
0.103
107
0.103
-
0
-
0
-
0
Biomass
20
-
0
157
0.591
-
0
-
0
TOTALS
389
0.735
1344
4.516
850
2.405
1031
2.930
IGCC+seq
NGCC
College of Engineering
Grand Challenge Question For Energy:
What investments should be made, how
much, when, and where, at the national level,
over the next 40 years, to achieve a
sustainable, low cost, and resilient energy &
transportation system?
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College of Engineering
SOLAR
CLEAN-FOSSIL GEOTHERMAL
Where, when, how much of each,
& how to interconnect?
BIOMASS
NUCLEAR
Wind
College of Engineering
Grand Challenges For Wind:
1. Move wind energy from
where it is harvested to
where it can be used
2. Develop economicallyattractive methods to
accommodate increased
variability and uncertainty
introduced by large wind
penetrations in operating
the grid.
3. Improve wind turbine/farm
economics (decrease
investment and
maintenance costs,
increase operating
revenues).
4. Address potential
concerns about local
siting, including wildlife,
aesthetics, and impact on
agriculture.
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College of Engineering
How to address grand challenges
#1. Move wind energy from where it is harvested to
where it can be used.
• Transmission
• National Superhighway at 765 kV AC and/or 600/800 kV DC
• Right of way: Rail, interstate highways, existing transmission
• Conductor technologies: overhead/underground, materials
• Bulk storage
• An energy capacity issue
• Pumped storage, compressed air, heat, other novel approaches
• A control and coordination problem
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20% Wind Future Cumulative
Costs through 2024
2%
30%
College of Engineering
68%
Production
Generation Capital
Trans m is s ion Capital
How to address grand challenges
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College of Engineering
How to address grand challenges
#2. Develop economically-attractive methods to accommodate increased variability and uncertainty introduced by
large wind penetrations in operating the grid.
• Increase geodiversity
• Improve forecasting/handling uncertainty in dispatch
• Increase gas turbines
• Wind turbine control
• Load control
• Storage
• A power capacity issue
• Pumped storage, compressed air, batteries, flywheels
• A control and coordination problem
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College of Engineering
How to address grand challenges
#3. Improve wind turbine/farm economics (decrease
investment and maintenance costs, increase operating
revenues).
• Improve manufacturing and supply chain processes
• Enhanced energy extraction from wind per unit land area
• Improved turbine siting
• Inter-turbine and inter-farm control
• Increased efficiency of drive-train/generator/converters
• Lighter, stronger materials and improved control of rotor blades
• Taller turbines
• Improve monitoring and evaluation for health assessment and prediction
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College of Engineering
How to address grand challenges
#4. Address potential concerns about local siting,
including wildlife, aesthetics, and impact on
agriculture.
• Migratory birds and bats: mainly a siting issue
• Aesthetics: a sociological issue
• Agriculture: Agronomists indicate wind turbines may help!
These issues have not been significant yet. Today, in Iowa, there
are 2100 turbines, with capacity 3700 MW. At 2 MW/turbine, a
growth to 60 GW would require 30000 turbines, and assuming
turbines are located only on cropland having class 3 or better
winds (about 1/6 of the state), this means these regions would see,
on average, one turbine every 144 acres.
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