Transcript No Slide Title

The Civil Rights Era,
1954–1975
The civil rights
movement develops
and brings about
changes in American
society.
Martin Luther King, Jr.,
speaking about a voter
registration drive. Photograph
(June 17, 1966).
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The Civil Rights Era,
1954–1975
SECTION 1
Origins of the Civil Rights Movement
SECTION 2
Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights
SECTION 3
The Equal Rights Struggle Expands
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Section 1
Origins of the Civil
Rights Movement
Changes after World War II help African
Americans make progress in their struggle for
equality.
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SECTION
1
Origins of the Civil Rights
Movement
Postwar Changes Strengthen Protests
Chart
• More Americans see racism as evil, causing
Hitler’s rise, Holocaust
• After fighting for freedom, blacks want share of
it in the U.S.
• Blacks make more money, move into cities for
work
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SECTION
1
Brown Overturns Plessy
• Plessy v. Ferguson—“separate but equal”
doctrine established (1896)
• NAACP counsel Thurgood Marshall
challenges segregation laws
• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
(1954) rules that:
- segregation has no place in public education
• Brown II gives segregated schools more time
to desegregate
• Most white-controlled schools resist
segregation
Map
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SECTION
1
Montgomery Bus Boycott
• Rosa Parks arrested for refusing to follow
segregation rules on bus
• Montgomery bus boycott—blacks protest
Parks’s arrest, trial by:
- refusing to ride the buses in Montgomery,
Alabama
• Baptist minister Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,
encourages boycott
• 13-month boycott, leaders endure death
threats, bombings, jailings
• Nonviolent boycott gains national media
attention
Image
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
continued
Montgomery Bus Boycott
• Supreme Court rules Montgomery bus
segregation law unconstitutional
• Boycott has several important results:
- ends segregation on Montgomery buses
- leads to founding of Southern Christian
Leadership Conference (SCLC)
- makes Dr. King a very prominent civil rights
leader
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SECTION
1
Massive Resistance
• More than 80 percent of Southern whites
oppose school desegregation
• Segregationists fight African Americans, civil
rights organizations
• Ku Klux Klan use violence to threaten blacks
pursuing civil rights
• White Citizens Councils organize to prevent
desegregation, effective
• White opposition to desegregation known as
massive resistance
Image
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SECTION
1
Showdown in Little Rock
• Little Rock school board makes plans to
integrate Central High School
• Segregationists, Arkansas governor Orval
Faubus blocks integration
• 8 of 9 black students are turned away from
school by National Guard
• 9th student, Elizabeth Eckford, tries to enter
despite hostile mob
• Eckford is escorted away, Faubus refuses
integration for 3 weeks
• Escorted by U.S. military, black students enter
Central High School
Image
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SECTION
1
Sit-Ins Energize the Movement
• 4 black college students do sit-in to
desegregate lunch counter
• Sit-in—protest, people sit, refuse to move until
demands are met
• Students sit at counter for 45 minutes, come
back with more protesters
• Segregationists abuse protestors, some
protestors jailed, replaced
• Sit-ins effective, force many lunch counters to
serve African Americans
• Sit-ins bring about Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Image
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Section 2
Kennedy, Johnson, and
Civil Rights
The civil rights movement leads to the end of
legal segregation.
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SECTION
2
Kennedy, Johnson, and
Civil Rights
Kennedy and Civil Rights
• Senator John F. Kennedy Democratic
candidate for president (1960)
• Vice-president Richard Nixon Republican
candidate
• Kennedy helps arrange release of Martin
Luther King, Jr., from jail
• Gains African-American support
• Kennedy wins election, faces Congress
reluctant to act on civil rights
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued Kennedy
and Civil Rights
• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) plans
Freedom Rides to:
- desegregate interstate buses
• Segregationists attack riders, federal marshals
protect riders
• U.S. government issues order integrating
interstate bus facilities
Image
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SECTION
2
Protests in Birmingham
• African Americans in Birmingham, Alabama,
want to:
- integrate public facilities
- gain better job, housing opportunities
• Start nonviolent protest, Dr. King joins
protestors, is arrested
• Police use dogs, firehoses on marchers,
shown on TV, public horrified
• Birmingham white leaders agree to:
- desegregate lunch counters
- remove segregation signs
- employ more African Americans
Image
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2
The March on Washington
• March on Washington—demonstration,
250,000 march to Lincoln Memorial
• Takes place on August 28, 1963; unites civil
rights groups
• Martin Luther King delivers “I Have a Dream”
speech
• President Kennedy promises support
Image
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SECTION
2
New Civil Rights Laws
• President Kennedy is assassinated on
November 22, 1963
• U.S. mourns slain leader, factories, businesses
close
• Vice-president Lyndon Johnson becomes
president
• Acts quickly on civil rights, pushes the Civil
Rights Act of 1964:
- bans segregation in public places
- creates commission to stop job
discrimination
Chart
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2
Fighting for Voting Rights
• Civil Rights Act of 1964 bars different black,
white voting standards
• 24th Amendment bans poll tax, still difficult for
blacks in South vote
• Freedom Summer—voter registration drive for
Southern blacks
• Martin Luther King, Jr., SCLC have voter
registration protest march
• State troopers attack marchers
• President Johnson send U.S. troops to protect
marchers
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued
Fighting for Voting Rights
• President Johnson signs Voting Rights Act
into law (1965):
- bans literacy test, laws stopping blacks
from registering to vote
- sends federal officials to register voters
• Percentage of blacks registered to vote in
Selma increases sharply
Map
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2
Johnson and the Great Society
• President Johnson proposes programs called
Great Society, provides:
- programs to help disenfranchised, poor,
elderly, women
- laws to promote education, end
discrimination, protect environment
• Many programs, like Medicare, Medicaid, still
exist today
• Elementary and Secondary School Act
provides U.S. funds for education
• Laws passed to protect environment,
endangered species, wilderness
Image
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2
Divisions in the Civil Rights Movement
• Civil rights groups disagree, some are
nonviolent, others aggressive
• King, SCLC protest discrimination in Chicago,
have little effect
• Frustration about lack of opportunities, political
power leads to riots
• Martin Luther King, Jr., assassinated (April 4,
1968)
• Nation mourns, African Americans riot across
the U.S.
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued Divisions
in the Civil Rights Movement
• Some blacks reject nonviolence, white
cooperation
• SNCC leader Stokely Carmichael fights
racism, all-black organization
• Nation of Islam urges blacks to separate from
whites
• Popular member Malcolm X rejects separatist
ideas by mid-1960s
• Assassinated by Nation of Islam in 1965
Image
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Section 3
The Equal Rights
Struggle Expands
The African-American struggle for equality
inspires other groups to fight for equality.
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SECTION
3
The Equal Rights Struggle
Expands
Mexican Americans Organize
• César Chávez starts farm workers union,
gains higher wages, benefits
• Mexican Americans form La Raza Unida
(1970) works to:
- get better jobs, pay, education, housing for
Mexican Americans
- elect Mexican Americans to public office
• Mexican American students organize, demand
reforms in school system
• Stage walkout, arrested, schools meet
protestors, make reforms
Image
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3
Hispanic Diversity
• Hispanics trace roots to Spanish-speaking
Latin American countries
• Refer to themselves as Latinos
• Come from different countries, cultures, often
have little in common
• Differences make it difficult for Hispanic
Americans to unify politically
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3
Native Americans Unite
• “Termination policy” leads to decline of Native
American cultures
• National Congress of American Indians
(NCAI) leads protests of policy
• U.S. government changes policy, inspires
Native Americans, gain rights
• In Declaration of Indian Purpose (1961) Native
Americans demand:
- right to choose own way of life
- responsibility of preserving precious heritage
Continued . . .
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SECTION
3
continued
Native Americans Unite
• American Indian Movement (AIM) demands
sovereign rights
• Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975, tribal
governments get:
- more control over social programs, law
enforcement, education
• Native Americans win back some of their lands
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SECTION
3
The Women’s Movement
• 1960s, women face discrimination in
workplace, limited legal rights
• Betty Friedan writes book about problems
women face in society
• National Organization for Women (NOW),
good jobs, equal pay for women
• Congress passes Equal Rights Amendment
(ERA) in 1972
Continued . . .
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SECTION
3
continued The
Women’s Movement
• Supporters say ERA will:
- protect women against discrimination
- help women achieve equality with men
• States do not ratify ERA
• Civil Rights Act (1964), Higher Education Act
(1972):
- outlaw discrimination against women
Map
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