Transcript LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT

Slide 1
A Topical Approach to
LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT
5
Motor, Sensory, and
Perceptual Development
John W. Santrock
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 2
Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual
Development
• Motor Development
• Sensory and Perceptual Development
• Perceptual-Motor Coupling
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 3
Motor Development
Dynamic Systems View
• Seeks to explain how motor behaviors
are assembled for perceiving and acting
• Motivation leads to new motor behavior;
a convergence of
– Nervous system development
– Body’s physical properties
– Child’s motivation to reach goal
– Environmental support for the skill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 4
Motor Development
Sample Reflexes
Sucking reflex
Automatic sucking object
placed in newborn’s mouth
Rooting reflex
Reaction when infant’s cheek is
stroked or side of mouth touched
Moro reflex
Startle response in reaction to
sudden, intense noise or movement
Grasping reflex
Occurs when something touches
infant’s palms; infant response
is to grasp tightly
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 5
Motor Development
Gross Motor Skills
• Motor skills that involve large-muscle
activities
– Infancy
• Development of posture
• Locomotion and crawling
• Learning to walk
• No set sequence of development; help
of caregivers important
• more skilled and mobile in second year
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 6
Motor Development
Milestones in
Gross Motor Development
Fig. 5.3
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Slide 7
Motor Development
Gross Motor Skills
– Childhood
• Improved walking, running, jumping,
climbing, learn organized sports’ skills
• Positive and negative sport outcomes
– Adolescence - Skills continue to improve
– Adulthood
• Peak performance of most sports before 30
• Biological functions decline with age
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 8
Motor Development
Guidelines for Parents and Coaches
of Children in Sports
The Don’ts
The Dos
– make sports fun
– mistakes are okay
– Allow questions,
show calm manner
– Respect child’s
participation
– Be positive role model
– Be supportive
– Yell or scream at child
– Continue condemning
– Point out errors in front
of others
– Expect instant learning
– Expect child to be pro
– Make fun of child
– Compare child to other
– Make sports all work
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 9
Motor Development
Movement and Aging
Fig. 5.4
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Slide 10
Motor Development
Fine Motor Skills
• Involves more finely tuned movements,
such as finger dexterity
– Infancy: Reaching and grasping
• Size and shape of object matters
• Experience affects perceptions and vision
– Early Childhood: Pick up small objects
• Some difficulty building towers
• Age 5: hand, arm, fingers move together
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 11
Motor Development
Fine Motor Skills
– Childhood and adolescence
• Writing and drawing skills emerge, improve
• Steadier at age 7; more precise movements
• By 10-12, can do quality crafts, master difficult
piece on musical instrument
– Adulthood — speed may decline in middle and
late adulthood, but most use compensation
strategies
• Older adults can still learn new motor tasks
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 12
Motor Development
Origin and Development
of Handedness
• Genetic inheritance
• Right-handedness dominant in all cultures
• Right hand preference in thumb-sucking
begins in the womb
– Head-turning preference in newborns
– Preference later leads to handedness
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 13
Motor Development
Handedness and Other Characteristics
• 85 to 95 percent of right-handed primarily
process speech in left hemisphere
• Left handed
– Are more likely to have reading problems
– Show more variation
– Have better spatial skills
– More common among mathematicians,
musicians, artists, and architects
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 14
Sensory and Perceptual Development
What Are Sensation and Perception?
• Sensation — occurs when information
contacts sensory receptors
• Perception — interpretation of sensation
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Slide 15
Sensory and Perceptual Development
The Ecological View
• People directly perceive information in
the world around them
– Perception brings people in contact with the
environment to interact with it and adapt to it
– All objects have affordances; opportunities
for interaction offered by objects necessary
to perform activities
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 16
Sensory and Perceptual Development
Studying Infant Perception
• Visual preference method — to determine if
infants can distinguish between various stimuli
• Habituation and Dishabituation
– Habituation — decreased responsiveness to stimulus
– Dishabituation — recovery of habituated response
• Tracking — moving eyes and/or head to follow
moving objects
• Videotape equipment, high-speed computers
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 17
Sensory and Perceptual Development
Infants’ Visual Perception
Visual Acuity
20/600 at birth, near adult levels
by 1 year
Color
Sees green and red at birth, all
colors by 2 months
Perceiving Patterns
Depth Perception
Visual
Expectations
Prefer patterns at birth; face
scanning improves by 2 months
Developed by 7-8 months
Begins by 4 months;
expect gravity by 6-8 months
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 18
Sensory and Perceptual Development
Perceptual Constancy
Size constancy
Shape constancy
Recognition that
object remains
the same even
though the retinal
image changes
Recognition that
object remains the
same even though
its orientation
changes
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 19
Sensory and Perceptual Development
Vision in Childhood
• Improved color detection, visual expectations,
controlling eye movements (for reading)
• Preschoolers may be farsighted
• Signs of vision problems
– Rubbing eyes, blinking, squinting
– Irritability at games requiring distance vision
– Closing one eye, tilting head to see, thrusting
head forward to see
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 20
Sensory and Perceptual Development
Aging Vision In Adulthood
• Loss of Accommodation — presbyopia
• Decreased blood supply to eye — smaller
visual field, increased blind spot
• Slower dark adaptation
• Declining color vision: greens, blues, violets
• Declining depth perception — problems with
steps or curbs
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 21
Sensory and Perceptual Development
Glare Vision and Aging
Fig. 5.12
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 22
Sensory and Perceptual Development
Diseases of the Eye
• Cataracts — thickening eye lens that causes
vision to become cloudy, opaque, distorted
• Glaucoma — damage to optic nerve because
of pressure created by buildup of fluid in eye
• Macular degeneration — involves
deterioration of retina
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 23
Sensory and Perceptual Development
Hearing
Prenatal
• Can hear before birth
Infancy
• Improve sensitivity to soft sounds,
pitches • Ability to localize
Childhood
• Hearing usually fine
• Danger of otitis media
Adolescence • Most have excellent hearing
• Danger from loud music
Adulthood
• Few changes until middle adulthood
• Hearing impairment increases with age
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 24
Sensory and Perceptual Development
Hearing
• Fetus hears in last 2 months of pregnancy
• Newborns
– cannot hear soft sounds well
– display auditory preferences
– sensitive to human speech
• Infants less sensitive to sound pitch
• Most children’s hearing is inadequate
– otitis media: middle ear infection
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 25
Sensory and Perceptual Development
Hearing
• Adolescence
– Most have excellent hearing
• Adulthood
– Decline begins about age 40
– Males lose sensitivity to high-pitched sounds
sooner than females
– Gender differences may be due to occupation
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 26
Sensory and Perceptual Development
Other Senses
Sense
Infants
Older Adults
Touch
and Pain
Newborns feel pain; by
6 mos., can coordinate
vision and touch
Less sensitive to
pain and touch in
lower extremities
Smell
Can differentiate odors
at birth; shows some
preferences
Loss of some
sense of smell
around age 60
Taste
May prefer sweet
tastes before birth;
likes salty at 4 months
Decline in taste
of begins in 60s
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 27
Sensory and Perceptual Development
Intermodal Perception
• Ability to relate and integrate
information about two or more
sensory modalities, such as
vision and hearing
• Exists in newborns
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 28
5
The End
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.