Transcript Chapter 19 EARLY LATIN AMERICA

EARLY LATIN AMERICA
Chapter 19
c. 1500…before conquest
Spain & Portuguese Explorations
E – ________________
A – ________________
C – ________________
F – ________________
B – ________________
D – ________________
G – ________________
Spain & Portuguese Explorations
E – Portugal
A – Dias…Portugal
C – da Gama…Portugal
F – Cortez…Spain
B – Pizarro…Spain
D – Cabral…Portugal
G – Magellan…Spain
I. Spain and Portugal
A. Iberian Peninsula
1. Zone of cultural contact
a. Arab Muslims invade
in 8th century
b. Long multicultural period
2. Reconquest (Reconquista)
a. Small Christian states move
toward unification
b. 1492 – Last
Muslim
kingdom falls at Granada
c. Jews expelled from Castile
B. Ways of Life…Iberian Style
1. Features
a. Strongly urbanized
b. People coming to the
New World sought
to raise their social
status…desired to
own land
c. Encomiendas (large estates worked by Indians)
--Maintained a heavily patriarchal culture
d. Centralized, professional governments, as in Iberia
e. Government had close ties to the Roman Catholic
Church
f. Iberian Slavery
came to the
New World,
mainly from
Portugal
The merchants of
Portugal and Spain
had extensive
experience with the
slave trade and
plantation agriculture
on the earlier
colonized Atlantic
islands.
D. The Caribbean Model of Colonization
1. Spanish actions in Latin America based on this system
Establish Colonies
Cities Formed
Form Encomiendas
Grid System
Indians as Laborers
Central Plazas
Diseases decimate
Professional Bureaucrats
2. New People in Latin American Society
Marks a shift
a. African slaves, Spanish women come
from conquest
to the Americas; beginning of a new
to settlement!
society
b. Ranches and sugar plantations replace gold-searching
3. Church begins to build cathedrals
and universities
4. Bartolomé de las Casas
a. Opposes abuses of Indians
E. How the Conquests Happened
1. Conquests were not together…series of individual
explorations
2. Mexico (1519)
a. Cortés
attacks
Aztecs
b. Tenochtitlan
captured
c. Moctezuma II killed
d. By 1535, central Mexico
under Spain
--Kingdom of New Spain
Aztecs surrender to Cortes
3. Inca
a. Inca weakened by civil war
b. Francisco Pizarro begins conquest (1532)
c. Capital city of Cuzco falls in 1533
d. Spaniards build new capital at Lima
e. By 1540 Peru was under Spanish control
4. American Southwest
a. Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
--Exploration in the 1540s
5. Chile
a. Pedro de Valdivia
--Conquers central Chile
--1541, founds Santiago
Francisco Coronado
Pedro de Valdivia
F. Who were the conquerors?
1. Were regulated by contracts
between the crown and the
leaders of expeditions…followers
get booty
2. Were not professional soldiers, wanted glory &
fortune…the “three G’s – God, Gold, Glory”
3. Felt entitled to dominate Indian peasantry
4. They triumphed because of horses,
weapons, ruthless leadership, and
disease
5. By the late 1500’s this period of
conquest was drawing to a close
G. Justification of Conquests???? HOW?, WHY?
1. Indians were not fully human…could and should be
controlled.
2. Conversion to Christianity had to be done…even if it was
forced conversion.
3. Again, the work of Father Bartolomé de las Casas helps
the cause of the Indians.
a. Was really too late;
Indian society had
suffered irreparable
damage.
II. How American Societies Changed
Populations decline drastically;
Indians are moved to towns and their
lands are seized.
A. Using the Indians
1. Encomiendas – Land grants to
conquerors
a. Natives used as labor and
Population of New Spain (Mexico)
tax source…adds to decline of native populations
b. This system was modified by the crown, fearing a
threat…was essentially gone by the early 1600s
2. Mita…Native system of forced labor…replaces the
encomienda system
a. Natives used for state projects…especially mines
3. Enslavement prohibited by the mid 1500s
III. Colonial Politics…Colonial Economics
Most people work in agriculture and ranching; mining was the most important.
The economy was centered around the exchange of new world metals,
especially silver, in return for European manufactured goods.
This made Latin America a dependent part of the world economic system.
A. Silver Mining…by the mid 1500s in Mexico and Peru
1. Potosí, Bolivia was the largest
2. Zacatecas, Mexico
Large urban areas
grew around these
mines!!!!
3. Demand for other
goods by mines
an miners helped
the overall
economy
Treasures from the Americas
B. Haciendas…Spanish agricultural estates
1. Produce for domestic
use…almost no exports
2. Give rise to local
aristocracy
3. Basically made Latin
America self-sufficient
C. Business
1. Sheep raising led to the formation of a textile industry
2. Silver trade was the king
3. All trade was reserved only for Spaniards
4. Convoys cross Atlantic protected
by galleons…ships with very
heavy armament
5. Much of the silver imported by
Spain left the country…this led
to an increased level of inflation
all across Europe
D. Governing a “New World” Empire
1. Spanish Empire
a. King at top…ruled through the
council of Indies
b. Viceroyalties…Mexico City, Lima
--Leaders
military,
legislative
had
& judicial
extensive
powers
powers
c. Clergy
--Religious
and
secular functions; converted Indians, usually
supported government actions
The Church played a vital role in almost all areas of colonial life!
Spaniards used upper class Indians to serve administrative purposes!
IV. Brazil
Economy based
A. 1500, Pedro Alvares Cabral…was
almost totally
searching for route to India
on Sugar
plantations
1. Original interest in Brazil was
due to dyewood trees…eventually
land grants led to sugar plantations.
2. Port cities begin to develop to serve
the sugar industry.
B. Slavery
1. Sugar was extremely labor intensive
2. Brazil became the first “plantation colony”
Slaves working in a Brazilian sugar mill!
C. Brazil's Gold
1. Trouble in paradise
a. The Dutch, English, & French found sugar plantations
in the Caribbean
--As a result, the price of sugar drops, and slaves
become more expensive
2. Gold to the Rescue
a. Explorers into interior discover
gold…new settlements were quickly
formed…slaves worked the mines
b. Government controls production
c. Gold & diamonds open interior to settlement
--devastates Indian populations
--weakens coastal agriculture
3. Rio de Janeiro develops due to its proximity to the
mines...eventually becomes a major port & the capital
V. Multiracial Societies
A. Castas…mixed races of Indian, European and African
descent
1. By 1700s these are a
major segment of
the population
B. The Colonial Caste System
1. Miscengenation…mixing of the races, especially a
white with another race…was the key to the
development of society
a. Social distinctions were based on race AND
place of birth
2. Sexual exploitation of Indian women was common
a. Society was still patriarchal…upper class
women were confined to home…some lower
class women worked
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Spaniards born in Spain
Creoles
Spaniards born in
the New World
Mestizos
Mixed blood –
European and
Indian
Native Indians
Mulattos
Mixed blood –
Slave and
European
Black Slaves
3. Creoles dominate local economy, strong sense of
identity…will eventually help with independence
movements
Both the Spanish
and Portuguese
VI. Changes During the 18th Century
Empires
A. Spanish Decline
survived the
intellectual
1. Poor rulers, foreign wars, internal strife
movements in
2. Conflict with France, England, Holland
Europe,
however, the
a. Lost Caribbean islands
seeds of their
3. Silver imports drop
demise had been
4. Colonies more self-sufficient
planted.
B. 1701-1713, War of the Spanish Succession…Bourbons
victorious…opens the colonies to some foreign trade
C. Changes to the Bourbon Monarchy – take power after the
war of Spanish succession
1. Charles III (17591788) – Bourbon Reforms
a. New dynasty strengthens Spain
b. Jesuits expelled from Spain, empire, 1767
--Church remains an ally
c. Taxation reformed
d. Ports open
e. America - new viceroyalties created
2. General reforms
a. Creoles lose high office…more efficient government
E. Changes Lead to ??????????
1. By the mid-18th century the Iberian colonies in America
shared world growth in the economy, population and
productive capacity
2. Reforms had disrupted old power patterns…the led to
rebellions
a. New Granada…Comunero Revolt, 1781
b. Peruvian Indians…Tupac Amaru
Most rebellions failed because
most racial and social groups
refused to work
together against
Rebellions
the colonial
demonstrate
governments
increased local
dissatisfaction
with imperial
policies