Transcript dimetic.dime

'Global Innovation Challenges: Eastern
European Regional Opportunities'
Philip Cooke, Centre for Advanced Studies, Cardiff
University
Conference Presentation, Warsaw, 20-21 September
2007
‘CEE: a traditional periphery or a new growth pole?’
A New Global Innovation Challenge
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Climate Change
Greenhouse Gases
Global warming
‘Peak Oil’
Sustainable Cities
Clean Technologies (Cleantech)
Alternative Energy
Biofuels
Biofuels Policy in European Union
• In March 2007, the European Council agreed a binding minimum
level for biofuels of 10% of vehicle fuel by 2020.
• Biofuels are seen as beneficial in that they are renewable, reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and boosting the EU’s energy security.
• The production process of bioethanol relies largely on biotechnology
• Achieved through the use of enzymes or micro-organisms, to make
ethanol out of biomass, whether crops, wood or biowastes.
• It is estimated that the development of biofuels could create a
significant number of new jobs throughout the EU
• Biofuels also open new markets for agricultural products.
Cleantech %-Share of Total VC Investments in 2006
Future Dongtan Eco City, China
• None of the buildings is more than eight storeys high.
• Turf and vegetation cover the roofs - natural insulation that also recycles waste water.
• Six times more space for pedestrians than airy Copenhagen
• Pollution-free neighbourhood buses powered by fuel cells
• An intranet service forecasts travel times and connects car pools
•Traditional motorbikes forbidden, replaced by electric scooters and bicycles
•Roads are laid out so that walking or cycling to work is quicker than driving.
Some 40% of Freight in UK is Food
UK Food Transport Carbon Footprint
Energy efficiency in CEE
Agro-food producer clusters: Swabia
Thinking about this kind of
innovation
• Relevant research and knowledge
• Building of research platforms across ICT,
biotechnology, nanotechnology, material science
(high tech plus knowledge intensive services)
• Mechanisms for commercialising ‘cleantech’
knowledge
• Large (energy) firms experimenting or producing
‘green energy’
• Judicious government support measures
Praha (CZ)
Közép Magyarország (HU)
Bratislavský kraj (SK)
EU15
40.83
Hungary
Severovýchod (CZ)
Észak-Magyarország (HU)
Nyugat-Dunantul (HU)
Stredn・Cechy (CZ)
Západné・Slovensko (SK)
Bucuresti - Ilf ov (RO)
Czech Republic
Jihovýchod (CZ)
Zachodniopomorskie (PL)
Slovenia
Közép-Dunantul (HU)
Pomorskie (PL)
Mazow ieckie (PL)
Jihozápad (CZ)
Dolnoslaskie (PL)
Dél-Dunantul (HU)
Slaskie (PL)
Észak-A lf öld (HU)
KIBS+ High
Man. 2006 %
StredníMorava (CZ)
A lf öld és Észak (HU)
Poludniow o-Zachodni (PL)
Centralny (PL)
V ýchodné・Slovensko (SK)
Y ugozapaden (BG)
Moravskoslezsko (CZ)
Severozápad (CZ)
Poludniow y (PL)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Stredné Slovensko (SK)
Estonia
Pólnocno-Zachodni (PL)
Eastern Europe mean
29.94
Poland
Wielkopolskie (PL)
Pólnocny (PL)
Dél-Alf öld (HU)
Malopolskie (PL)
Lódzkie (PL)
Opolskie (PL)
Warminsko-Mazurskie (PL)
Lithuania
Croatia
Bulgaria
Kujaw sko-Pomorskie (PL)
Latvia
Lubuskie (PL)
Podkarpackie (PL)
Severen tsentralen (BG)
Severoiztochen (BG)
Lubelskie (PL)
Podlaskie (PL)
Wschodni (PL)
Vest (RO)
Yuzhen tsentralen (BG)
KIBS+ High
Man. 2006%
Yugoiztochen (BG)
Centru (RO)
Romania
Sw ietokrzyskie (PL)
Sud - Muntenia (RO)
Sud-Est (RO)
Sud-Vest Oltenia (RO)
Nord-Vest (RO)
Nord-Est (RO)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Top 10 knowledge economies 2004-6
Stockholm
First 10
Inner London
62.00
Surrey, East and West Sussex
60.00
Berkshire, Bucks and
Oxfordshire
58.00
Outer London
56.00
Région de Bruxelles-Capitale
54.00
Östra M ellansverige
52.00
Berlin
50.00
Västverige
(KIBS+HM_Man)04
(KIBS+HM_Man)06
Sydsverige
Top 30 in 1998
63
54.00
Sto ckho lm
60.31
Inner Lo ndo n 58.58
52.00
Surrey, East and West Sussex
50.00
61
48.00
1998
2006
55.55
B erkshire, B ucks and Oxfo rdshire 54.0
Outer Lo ndo n
53.91
B russels 53.89
59
Ostra M ellansverige 53.68
Vastsverige
52.82
Sydsverige 52.73
57
B rabant Wallo n 52.62
Vlaams B rabant
55
52.61
M ellersta No rrland
52.45
Ovre No rrland 52.35
Darmstadt
53
52.31
Karlsruhe
51.75
Ile de France 51.73
Utrecht
51
50.65
Glo ucestershire, Wiltshire and No rth So merset
Stuttgart
49
Denmark
49.83
49.59
West M idlands
49.58
B edfo rdshire, Hertfo rdshire 49.41
47
So uth Western Sco tland
49.01
Essex 48.5
Eastern Sco tland
45
S
KI
M
_H
N
A
_M
8
_9
S
KI
M
_H
N
A
_M
2
_0
S
KI
M
_H
N
A
_M
4
_0
S
KI
M
_H
N
A
_M
6
_0
48.44
No rra M ellansverige 48.05
M erseyside
Wien
47.72
47.3
Hampshire and Isle o f Wight 46.59
50.4
Form 31 to 61 in 1998
50
48
46
44
1998
2006
From 62 to 91 in 1998
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
1998
2006
From 92 to 121 in 1998
42
40
38
36
1998
2006
From 122 to 151 in 1998
H ighlands and Is lands
38
36
44
D et m o ld
43.71
41.11
Eas t R iding and N o rt h Linc o lns hire
41.03
34
T hϋringen
32
1998
2006
40.18
Oberf rank en
42
39.91
F riuli-Venezia Giulia 39.39
C um bria
39.16
Ko blenz
39.06
Wes er-Em s
40
38.1
Em ilia-R o m agna
A uv ergne
37.86
37.81
Linc o lns hire
37.67
Lim o us in 37.04
38
Veneto
36.08
C at aluňa
35.82
M agdeburg
35.82
N iederö t erreic h
36
B randenburg
35.71
35.51
Upper A us t ria
A t t ik i
34
35.31
35.29
C o m unidad F o ral de N av arra
A ragó n
34.65
Kärns t en 33.99
C am pania
32
Salzburg
M o lis e
33.56
33.34
Vo rarlberg
C alabria
30
KIS_MA N_HM_98
KIS_MA N_HM_02
KIS_MA N_HM_06
33.89
33.03
32.21
35.04
From 152 to 189 in 1998
40
30
Basilicata
37.36
28
Abruzzo
36.78
26
M ecklenburg-Vorpommern
36.43
Umbria 36.35
24
1998
M arche 35.51
2006
35
Steiermark
35.34
Border, M idlands and Western 34.81
Sicilia
Tirol
34.81
33.64
Toscana 33.08
30
Burgenland 32.8
Sardegna 31.22
Provincia Autonoma Bolzano
Puglia
30.65
30.41
Cantabria 28.46
25
Galicia 28.42
Comunidad Valenciana
Principado de Asturias
28.3
27.66
Castilla y León 27.54
Andalucia
20
26.68
La Rioja 26.01
Kentriki M akedonia 25.92
Illes Balears 25.56
15
Castilla-la M ancha
24.88
Regió de M urcia
24.63
Thessalia
23.53
Dytiki Ellada 22.54
Norte
21.78
Sterea Ellada 20.19
Anatoliki M akedonia, Thraki 19.68
10
KIS_MAN_HM_98
KIS_MAN_HM_02
KIS_MAN_HM_06
Peloponnisos 17.38
Top 30 knowledge economies
63
54.00
Sto ckho lm
60.31
Inner Lo ndo n 58.58
52.00
Surrey, East and West Sussex
50.00
61
48.00
1998
2006
55.55
B erkshire, B ucks and Oxfo rdshire 54.0
Outer Lo ndo n
53.91
B russels 53.89
59
Ostra M ellansverige 53.68
Vastsverige
52.82
Sydsverige 52.73
57
B rabant Wallo n 52.62
Vlaams B rabant
55
52.61
M ellersta No rrland
52.45
Ovre No rrland 52.35
Darmstadt
53
52.31
Karlsruhe
51.75
Ile de France 51.73
Utrecht
51
50.65
Glo ucestershire, Wiltshire and No rth So merset
Stuttgart
49
Denmark
49.83
49.59
West M idlands
49.58
B edfo rdshire, Hertfo rdshire 49.41
47
So uth Western Sco tland
49.01
Essex 48.5
Eastern Sco tland
45
S
KI
M
_H
N
A
_M
8
_9
S
KI
M
_H
N
A
_M
2
_0
S
KI
M
_H
N
A
_M
4
_0
S
KI
M
_H
N
A
_M
6
_0
48.44
No rra M ellansverige 48.05
M erseyside
Wien
47.72
47.3
Hampshire and Isle o f Wight 46.59
50.4
From 56 to 96: Selected
Gießen
Unterf ranken
48.00
Hannover
Praha (CZ) -60
47.00
West Wales and The Valleys
Prov. Limburg (B)
Prov. Oost-Vlaanderen
46.00
Praha (CZ)
Dϋsseldorf
Közép Magyarország (HU) - 69
45.00
Prov. Antw erpen
Közép Magyarország (HU)
44.00
Bratislavský kraj (SK)
Centre
Bratislavský kraj (SK)- 74
Sachsen
43.00
Mϋnster
Limburg (NL)
42.00
Drenthe
Prov. Liége
41.00
Southern and Eastern
Prov. Namur
40.00
Friesland
Lombardia
39.00
Prov. Hainaut
Midi-Pyrérnées
38.00
(KIBS+HM_Man)04
(KIBS+HM_Man)06
Lazio
Bottom 30
A ndalucia
33.00
Bulgaria
Kujaw sko-Pomorskie (PL)
Latvia
31.00
La Rioja
Kentriki Makedonia
Lubuskie (PL)
29.00
Podkarpackie (PL)
Illes Balears
Severen tsentralen (BG)
Severoiztochen (BG)
27.00
Lubelskie (PL)
Podlaskie (PL)
Castilla-la Mancha
25.00
Region de Murcia
Wschodni (PL)
V est (RO)
23.00
Thessalia
Y uzhen tsentralen (BG)
Dytiki Ellada
21.00
Norte
Y ugoiztochen (BG)
Centru (RO)
19.00
Romania
Sterea Ellada
Sw ietokrzyskie (PL)
17.00
Sud - Muntenia (RO)
A natoliki Makedonia, Thraki
Sud-Est (RO)
15.00
Peloponnisos
Sud-V est Oltenia (RO)
Nord-V est (RO)
13.00
Nord-Est (RO)
(KIBS+HM_Man)04
(KIBS+HM_Man)06
Pr aha
Köz ép Magy ar or sz ág
Br at i sl av sk ý k r aj
EU15
Hungar y
Sev er ov ý c hod
Ész ak - Magy ar or sz ág
Ny ugat - Dunant ul
St r edn・ Cec hy
Západné・ Sl ov ensk o
Buc ur est i - Il f ov
Cz ec h Republ i c
J i hov ý c hod
Zac hodni opomor sk i e
Sl ov eni a
Köz ép- Dunant ul
Pomor sk i e
Maz owi ec k i e
J i hoz ápad
Dol nosl ask i e
Dél - Dunant ul
Sl ask i e
Ész ak - Al f öl d
St r ední Mor av a
Al f öl d és Ész ak
Pol udni owo- Zac hodni
Cent r al ny
Vý c hodné・ Sl ov ensk o
Yugoz apaden
Mor av sk osl ez sk o
Sev er oz ápad
Pol udni owy
St r edné Sl ov ensk o
Est oni a
Pól noc no- Zac hodni
East er n Eur ope mean
Pol and
Wi el k opol sk i e
Pól noc ny
Dél - Al f öl d
Mal opol sk i e
Lódz k i e
Opol sk i e
War mi nsk o- Maz ur sk i e
Li t huani a
Cr oat i a
Bul gar i a
Kuj awsk o- Pomor sk i e
Lat v i a
Lubusk i e
Podk ar pac k i e
Sev er en t sent r al en
Sev er oi z t oc hen
Lubel sk i e
Podl ask i e
Wsc hodni
Vest
Yuz hen t sent r al en
Yugoi z t oc hen
Cent r u
Romani a
Swi et ok r z y sk i e
Sud - Munt eni a
Sud- Est
Sud- Vest Ol t eni a
Nor d- Vest
Nor d- Est
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Regional Innovation Hierarchy:
Cluster Centroids
Factor label
Cluster
N
1
29
2
67
3
35
4
23
Less Accomplished
Mean
Std. Dev.
3.96
1.52
***
-1.68
2.38
***
5.85
1.88
***
-9.01
4.63
***
Lower Level Education
Mean
Std. Dev.
2.94
1.03
***
-0.56
1.37
***
-3.72
1.31
***
-0.31
1.22
Urban Development
Mean
Std. Dev.
-1.32
0.96
***
-0.79
1.54
***
-3.61
0.87
***
4.85
2.91
***
One, two and three stars indicate significant differences (at the 10%, 5% and 1% level, respectively) of the cluster centroids
from the total sample mean in a t-test with Bonferroni adjustment.
Source: From Verspagen, 2007
Regional Innovation Hierarchy
Low GDP & Patenting
High Education, High GDP
High Education, Low GDP
High GDP Urban Centres
(Highest GDP & Patenting)
Source: From Verspagen, 2007
Case: Bohemia’s Regional Innovation Strategy
• Prague dominates, produces 25% of
Czech GDP (80% Services; 75% jobs)
• 8 Universities, 80,000 students, 10,000
PhDs
• 40 AoS institutes; 50 other research inst.
• But a ‘sclerotic milieu,’ Hassink (2005)
• Institutions & policies slow to change
• Lack of institutional connectivity
(Blazek,2007); low interactive learning
BRIS Initiative
• EU RIS-NAC (DG Enterprise) Technology Centre of
Czech AoS. Hence ‘Product’ not ‘Demand’ driven
• Research on 490 SMEs & 60 PROs
• BUT TC withdrew from seeking network linkage among
top PROs
• PROs sceptical & mistrustful of merit of BRIS
• Main recommendation of BRIS – inter-firm links need to
be strengthened, notably SMEs
• Big emphasis on building new public intermediaries
• No monitoring, budgetary implications, scheduling or
responsibility actions proposed
• But at least it connects to Prague SPD & Charles
University KTC initiative
Slovenia RIS Characteristics
• Slovenia RI ‘System’ began as similarly fragmented
(Koschatzky, 2004)
• Liberalisation coincided with network building
• Especially among firms, not only or mainly on
‘innovation’
• Also research institutes and firms, mostly larger ones
• Government involved through financing PROs &
Universities
• But integration not complete – large firms-large PROs
not SME-smaller PROs
• Financing innovation still weak
Conclusions
• CEE demonstrates difference from EU ‘Cohesion’ regions
• Cohesion regions show medium-to-low GDP and low learning
& knowledge exploitation
• CEE displays high knowledge BUT poor exploitation and GDP
• There are three obvious ‘poles’ of potential: Bohemia,
Bratislava, Budapest
• Other capital cities also have potential BUT…
• Even the best are poorly networked in the horizontal, maybe
vertical inter-firm linkages are earliest in developing
• Future growth will depend on knowledge generation, capture
and commercialisation
• New global challenges arise regarding, for example, Climate
Change and innovative responses to it, which address
markets
• But CEE not yet seeing the market potential of this, preferring
to emulate the West where possible, with incubators, Science
Parks and established high-tech and KIBS
• ‘Pro-growth’ dominates ‘Green Innovation’