Transcript Document

UNIT 2: SELF AND OTHERS
AREA OF STUDY 2: INTELLIGENCE & PERSONALITY
PERSONALITY
PERSONALITY IS A
HYPOTHETICAL CONSTRUCT
(We can’t see or touch personality, it’s intangible)
So how do we know it exists?
PERSONALITY TESTS
Try some of the following personality tests online to understand the two different types of
tests;
INVENTORIES
http://www.personalitypathways.com/type_inventory.html
(Myers-Briggs)
http://personality-testing.info/tests/16PF.php
(Cattel’s 16 Personality Factors)
http://similarminds.com/eysenck.html
(Eysenck’s PEN Model)
http://www.outofservice.com/bigfive/
(Costa & McCrae 5 Factor)
http://geisel.narod.ru/mmpi2.htm
(MMPI-2)
http://www.humanmetrics.com/cgi-win/jtypes2.asp
(Myers-Briggs/Jung)
http://personality-testing.info/tests/RIASEC.php
(Holland’s SDS)
PROJECTIVE TESTS
http://theinkblot.com/
(Rorschach Inkblot Test)
http://www.utpsyc.org/TATintro/
(Thematic Apperception Test)
PERSONALITY TESTS
A personality test is an assessment device used to evaluate or measure
aspects of personality, such as factors and specific traits
INVENTORIES
PROJECTIVE TESTS
A personality inventory is a ‘selfreport’, paper and pencil or
online test which has a list of
questions designed to assess
various aspects of personality
Attempts to uncover an
individual’s unconscious wishes,
desires, fears, thoughts, needs
and other ‘hidden’ aspects of
personality by asking them to
describe what they see or to
make up a story from an
ambiguous situation
Considered to be ‘objective’
No interpretation of results,
rather responses are compared
with others who have particular
personality traits
The assumption is that they will
draw upon their own personal
experiences in their descriptions
INVENTORIES
An inventory creates a personality profile
(an overall pictorial representation of a person’s personality based on their
responses)
Below is a personality profile of two people who have completed the MMPI-2
MMPI-2 = Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
567 Items (All True/False questions)
Designed to identify abnormal personality
HOMEWORK
• LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.28 (pg.550)
• LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.29 (pg.550)
INVENTORIES
Inventories are not always used for identifying abnormal
personalities
They are also used by organisations and workplaces to
assist their vocational selections
VOCATION
JOB
CAREER
There are two types of inventories we will look at;
1.MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR (MBTI)
2. HOLLAND’S SELF-DIRECTED SEARCH (SDS)
INVENTORIES
1. MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR
(MBTI)
Categorises an individual into 1 of 16 personality types
Based on the psychodynamic personality theory
Paper and pencil test with about 100 questions
It is possible for your type to change across time or situations
INVENTORIES
1. MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR
(MBTI)
E
I
S
N
T
F
J
P
=
Extraversion
=
whether your energy is directed
outwards
=
Introversion
=
whether your energy is directed
inwards
=
Sensing
=
whether you prefer to take in
information from the five senses
=
Intuition
= whether you prefer to take in
information from unconscious
=
Thinking
= whether you make decisions using
logic and impersonal reasons
=
Feeling
= whether you decide with your heart
using personal feelings
=
Judging
= approaching your life in a planned,
orderly, organised way
=
Perceiving
= approaching life more flexibly, being
spontaneous and open to options
INVENTORIES
1. MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR
(MBTI)
FOR EXAMPLE
ESFP
Extraversion - Sensing - Feeling – Perceiving
Very generous and impulsive. They have a low tolerance for anxiety.
They make good performers, they like public relations and they love the
phone. They should avoid scholarly pursuits, especially science
HOMEWORK
• LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.30 (pg.553)
INVENTORIES
2. HOLLAND’S SELF-DIRECTED SEARCH
(SDS)
Career counselling inventory
Identifies personality type and matches with careers preferences
All people fit into 1 or more of 6 personality types
Sometimes called the RIASEC theory
STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS
OF INVENTORIES
STRENGTHS
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Quick to administer
Can administer to large numbers of
people in a relatively short period of time
Efficient data analysis using computers
They can measure a single trait, type or
multiple traits simultaneously
LIMITATIONS
•
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Purpose is obvious so some respondents
manipulate their answers
Only a range of responses can be given
The amount of information they can give
is limited
There is no opportunity to clarify or
explain what they mean by their
responses
Many have been criticised for their
cultural bias
HOMEWORK
• LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.32 (pg.559)
PROJECTIVE TESTS
1. RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST
2. THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST (TAT)
PROJECTIVE TESTS
1. RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST
• The first version of the test was developed to help identify individuals who
had mental health problems
10 stimulus cards
• Constructed by dropping ink onto a
piece of paper and folding it in half
• Seldom used in contemporary
psychology
• Administered individually / test-takers are asked to describe what they
see on each stimulus card
• Scoring is detailed and involves making subjective interpretations
based on assessment criteria
• Computer generated interpretations are now available, making
interpretations more objective
HOMEWORK
• LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.33 (pg.560)
PROJECTIVE TESTS
2. THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST (TAT)
• Not about diagnosing mental illness
• Assumes that we all have needs for achievement, and having those needs
met influences our behaviour in everyday life
30 stimulus cards / 10 are used for an assessment
• Administered individually
• The test-taker is asked to create a story about
the stimulus picture
• It is assumed that the test-taker will create
stories that will reveal the conflicts, moods or
themes which dominate their lives and underlie
their personality
HOMEWORK
• LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.34 (pg.561)
• LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.35 (pg.561)
STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS
OF PROJECTIVE TESTS
STRENGTHS
• There are no right or wrong answers
and the purpose and scoring of the
test is not obvious
• This means that people are less likely
to manipulate their answers
• Individuals are not restricted in the
responses they provide
• They provide psychologists with rich,
personalised qualitative data
LIMITATIONS
• Having no correct answers makes
them difficult to interpret
• Interpretations are subjective and
prone to inaccuracies
• Low inter-rater reliability
• An individual may not be able to
provide a response to a particular
stimulus
• An individual may not actually be
revealing information about their
underlying personality, even though it
is assumed that they are
HOMEWORK
• LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.36 (pg.562)