Transcript Document

1
Alvin Sherman
APA Basics
Reference Desk
[email protected]
(800) 541-6682 ext. 4613
APA Basics
Agenda:
• Title page
• Document format
• Quoting and citing resources
•Grammar rules
• Reference list
Agenda
FSEHS Style Guidelines
• Format for FSEHS written assignments:
http://www.schoolofed.nova.edu/oaa/pdf/fsehs_standard_format.pdf
• Format for FSEHS dissertations
http://www.schoolofed.nova.edu/arc/pdf/guidead.pdf
• Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association (5th ed.)
• Checklist for APA Form and Style
http://www.schoolofed.nova.edu/arc/pdf/checklistapafs.pdf
Format for Title Page
• Top third of page
Title
• Middle third of page
Name
Course number and CRN
Name of course
• Bottom third of page
Name of institution
Date
Format for Title Page
Title:
Student’s Name
Course code and CRN:
Title of course:
Institution
Month day, year
Example
What Students Need to Know
About APA
by
Laura Lucio Ramirez
CUR 526 24022
Educational Research for Practitioners
Nova Southeastern University
May 1, 2006
Title Page for Dissertation
(Style Guide)
Title:
Student’s Name
Info on Applied Dissertation
Institution
Year
Title Page for Dissertation
(Style Guide)
Document Format
• Pagination
• Margins, fonts, line spacing
• Format of title and headings
• Numbers
• Parenthetical text citations
Document Format
NOTE: No running headers
• 1 inch
margins
• Exception:
1½ inch left
margin for
dissertation.
Document Format (2)
2
Double spaced
2
12 pt font
Times New
Roman or
Courier
APA Formatting for NSU Class Assignments
Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title
page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes,
tables, and figure captions. APA does permit single spacing within
references but double spacing between references. (See p. 326
Indented
of the Publication Manual.)
Issues to Consider
Left justified
Major headings require specific formatting: (a) The first word of
the heading is capitalized as well as all major words; (b) articles,
No bolding
short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions are not
capitalized; and (c) the heading is not italicized.
No underlining
No bullets
Document Format (3)
Other issues also need to be considered. Students and teachers
2
APA Formatting for NSU Class Assignments
Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title
page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes,
tables, and figure captions. APA does permit single spacing within
references but double spacing between references. (See p. 326
of the Publication Manual.)
Issues to Consider
Major headings require specific formatting: (a) The first word of
the heading is capitalized as well as all major words; (b) articles,
short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions are not
capitalized; and (c) the heading is not italicized.
Other issues also need to be considered. Students and teachers
Document Format (4)
Headings (APA, p. 113)
Use Level 1 Headings for the Title
Level 3 – Flush Left, Italicized, Upper and
Lower Case Side Heading
Quotes and Parenthetical Citations
• Copyright
• Paraphrased quotes
• Direct quotes
• Parenthetical citations
Quotes and Parenthetical Citations
Cite the following:
• opinions,
beliefs, ideas, and theories from
any source
• any information obtained that is not common
knowledge
• direct quotes of the words used verbatim
• summarized or paraphrased ideas
Note: Re-submitting the identical paper for assignments in two different classes is
considered plagiarism. If you want to refer to specific ideas presented in a previous
paper you wrote, cite it!
Cite the following:
When citing a specific part of a resource or
using a direct quote, provide the page number:
All of them were victims of “cyberterrorism” (Stonebraker,
2004, p. 237).
Vest (2006) reported that "empirical research verified
compliance" (p. 48).
In another case, Scanlon, Gallego, Duran, and Reyes (2005)
found that the results should be “based on assumptions that
individuals are capable of self-directed and self-initiated
learning” (pp. 40-41).
See APA, pp. 213-214
When citing a specific part of a resource or
using a direct quote, provide the page number
No page number is used in the
parenthetical citation if paraphrasing:
Freud's writing on the topic of dreams (as cited in Steinbrecker,
Jones, & Acevedo, 1997) emphasized....
in a definition (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 2001).
A couple of experiments (Eifrig, 1976; Skinner, 1956) found....
The Web site did not support the data (Wienhorst, n.d.).
See APA manual, pp. 207-213
No page number is used in the
parenthetical citation if paraphrasing
1. The theory (Smith, Brown, and Jones, 2002)
or
2. The theory (Smith, Brown, & Jones, 2002)

1. Two research studies (Quinlan, 2002; Barnes, 2005)
or
2. Two research studies (Quinlan, 2002, & Barnes, 2005)

1. MacDougall (2004, p. 34) stated that “the Information
Literacy Model needed to be implemented”.
or
2. MacDougall (2004) stated that “the Information Literacy
Model needed to be implemented” (p. 34).
or
3. MacDougall (2004) stated that “the Information Literacy
Module need to be implemented.” (34)
Examples

Direct quote for less than 40 words:
“Instructors may or may not want to require an abstract for class assignments. The
abstract is a one-paragraph summary or overview of the paper and should summarize
the essential content of the paper” (Tunon, 2006, p. 34).
Block quote (more than 40 words):
Note where the periods go!
Students at Nova Southeastern University have faced challenges in learning how to
use APA formatting. When discussing the challenges, Strunk (1922) stated:
Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a book,
journal, brochure, or report when used in the body of the paper. Use a short title
in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is short. NOTE Non-periodical
titles like books and book titles have all the important words capitalized in the text
citations, but these same book titles do not have all the important words capitalized
in the reference list. (p. 342)
Callahan (2001), however, says ….
(NOTE: FSE uses single space, but APA uses double spacing.)
Direct quote and Block quote examples
Paraphrase < 50% and include cite
“Signed into law in January 2002 by President George W. Bush, the No Child
Let Behind (NCLB) Act signaled the nation’s most sweeping education reform
of federal education policy in decades. NCLB laid the groundwork for
education reforms and the president’s attempt to
strengthen
50%
rule America’s
education system” (Smith, 2004, p. 212).
Should be block quote
No
When President
When
PresidentBush
Bushsigned
signedthe
theNo
NoChild
ChildLet
LetBehind
Behind(NCLB)
(NCLB)Act
Act
into
intocitation
law,
law,it
was
it
was
thethe
country’s
country’s
most
most
comprehensive
comprehensive
education
education
reform
reform
of federal
of federal
education
policy in years.
education
policyNCLB
in years.
is the
NCLB
foundation
is the foundation
for education
forreforms
education
andreforms
the
and
president’s
the
president’s
attempt
attempt
to strengthen
to strengthen
the system
the system
of education
of education
in theinU.S.
the U.S.
Parenthetical
text citation
President Bush’s the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act was signed into law
in January of 2002. The law provided the most sweeping education changes
in the United States in decades and provided a foundation for
strengthening educational policy at the national level for years to come
(Smith, 2004).
Use
sparingly
Abbreviations and
Acronyms:
• Spell out first time
• Must use abbreviation
thereafter
Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD)
American Psychological Association (APA)
Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS)
Fischler School of Education and Human Services (FSEHS)
Nova Southeastern University (NSU)
See APA manual, pp. 103-106
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Numbers: See APA pp. 122-125
• Use figures for numbers 10 and above:
343 students in 26 classes
• The numbers between one and nine should be spelled out:
A total of six experiments went awry.
Exceptions
• Numbers above and below 10 grouped for comparison:
3 of 15 students
The school needs 4 teachers and 11 staff people.
• Numbers representing time, dates, and age
3 months ago, April 8, 1 hr 10 min
Numbers
Numbers, cont.
More exceptions:
• Numbers denoting a specific place in a series, book, or table
Table 5,
Session 3
page 2
• Use words for numbers below 10 that do not represent precise
measurements:
eight items
nine pages
• Use words for numbers beginning a sentence, title, or heading:
Twenty-four percent complied, and 6% did not answer the question.
Nineteen students improved.
Numbers (2)
1. Ten students ate in the cafeteria.
or
2. 10 students ate in the cafeteria.

1. The seventh grade went on a field trip.
or
2. The 7th grade went on a field trip.

1. Students in Grades 4 and 5 took the test.

or
2. Students in grades 4 and 5 took the test.
or
3. Students in grades four and five took the test.
1. The 7th grade did better than the 10th grade.
or
2. The seventh grade did better than the tenth grade.
or
3. The seventh grade did better than the 10th grade.
Examples

Compound-Adjectives
• Role playing
• High anxiety
• Seventh grade
• Role-playing technique
• High-anxiety situations
• Seventh-grade students
but
•
Type II error
• Post hoc comparisons
See APA manual, p. 91
1. The 11th grade was busy.
or
2. The 11th grade was busy.

1. The store closed three months ago.
or
2. The store closed 3 months ago.

1. These fourth graders need to study.
or
2. These fourth-grade students need to study.
or
3. These students in Grade 4 need to study.
or
4. These 4th-grade students need to study more than the
10th-grade students.
Examples




Commas
Use commas:
• Between independent clauses:
Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home.
• Series of three or more
Jane, Dick, and Harry argued about money.
• Nonessential or nonrestictive clauses
Direct TV, which is available in south
Florida, offers some nice features.
But:
• Not to separate a compound predicate
Jane baked a cake and worked on her homework.
1. The cat ran, but the dog sat down.
or
2. The cat ran but the dog sat down.

1. The literature review evaluates and synthesizes resources.
or
2. The literature review evaluates, and synthesizes resources.
1. Methods, theories, and logic all need to be examined.
or
2. Methods, theories and logic all need to be examined.

1. Empirical studies, also called hard evidence, are important.
or
2. Empirical studies also called hard evidence are important.
Examples


Only One Space after Punctuation
• Periods at the end of a sentence:
Students’ scores improved. The study
demonstrated that …
• Colons: For example, the colon should…
• In citations – Brown, J. D. (2003). The …
NOTE: Use the find and replace feature in Word to change two spaces to one space.
APA Web Site:
http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html
• Electronic Media Spelling Guide
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
e-journal
e-mail
Internet
online
PDF
URL
Web
1. The students went on the Internet and searched the Web.
or
2. The students went on the internet and searched the web.
or
3. The students went on the Internet and searched the web.
or
4. The students went on the internet and searched the Web.
1. Go online and send an e-mail message to the instructor.
or
2. Go on-line and send an e-mail message to the instructor.
or
3. Go online and send an email message to the instructor.
or
4. Go on-line and send an email message to the instructor.
Examples


Ahah! What about using
citation software?
What about using citation software?
http://citationmachine.net/
Example: CitationMachine
http://citationmachine.net/
Example: RefWorks
http://citationmachine.net/
Penny M Beile, David N Boote, Elizabeth Killingsworth. (2004). A
microscope or a mirror?: A question of study validity regarding the
use of dissertation citation anlysis for evaluating research
collections. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 30(5), 347-353.
Retrieved , from Research Library database. (Document
ID: 737514991).
Example: ProQuest
• https://www.nova.edu/common-lib/ISI/
• http://www.nova.edu/library/dils/tutorials/endnote/
EndNote
Beile, P. M., Boote, D. N., & Killingsworth, E. K. (2003, April). Characteristics
of education doctoral dissertation references: An inter-institutional analysis of
review of literature citations. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the
American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL. (ERIC No.
ED478598) Retrieved February 1, 2006, from ERIC database.
Example: EndNote
No Short Cut for Learning
the APA Rules
• Page
entitled
References
• Hanging
indentations
• Single
space in
citations
References
32
Jones, R. N., del Rio, J. A., Humenik, J. A., García, E. O., & Ramírez, A. M. (2001). Citation
mining: Integrating text mining and bibliometrics for research user profiling. Journal of the
American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52, 1148-1156.
Kushkowski, J. D. (1985). Master's and doctoral thesis citations: Analysis and trends of a
longitudinal study. Portal, 3, 459-479. Retrieved March 20, 2006, from Education
Full Text database.
Kushkowski, J. D. (1999a). Identifying uniform core journal titles for music libraries: A
dissertation citation study. College & Research Libraries, 60(2), 153-163.
• Double
space
between
citations
Kushkowski, J. D. (1999b). Measuring the use and value of electronic journals and books.
Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship. Retrieved July 10, 2004, from
Expanded Academic Index database.
• Use italics,
do not
underline
Morner, C. J. (1995). Measuring the library research skills of education doctoral students.
In R. AnRhein (Ed.), Continuity & transformation: The promise of confluence. Proceedings
of the Seventh National Conference of the Association of College and Research Libraries,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, March 29-April 1, 1995 (pp. 381-391). Chicago: Association of
College and Research Libraries.
• Alphabetical
order by author
Then by date
Then by article
title
Format for References
Kushkowski, J. D., & Smith, D. (1982). Library research skills for your dissertation. Denver, CO:
Libraries Unlimited.
Norton, M. J. (2000). Introductory concepts in information science. Medford, NJ:
Information Today.
O'Connor, D. O., & Voos, H. (2005). Empirical laws, theory construction, and bibliometrics. In J.
Smith & B. B. Jones, New adventures on the Web. Springfield, MA: Springer Verlag.
• Page
entitled
References
32
References
• Hanging
indentations
Jones, R. N., del Rio, J. A., Humenik, J. A., García, E. O., & Ramírez, A. M. (2001). Citation
mining: Integrating text mining and bibliometrics for research user profiling. Journal of the
American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52, 1148-1156.
• Single
space in
citations
Kushkowski, J. D. (1985). Master's and doctoral thesis citations: Analysis and trends of a
longitudinal study. Portal, 3, 459-479. Retrieved March 20, 2006, from Education
Full Text database.
• Double
space
between
citations
• Use italics,
do not
underline
• Alphabetical
order,
Then by date
• Retrieval
statements
Format for References (2)
Kushkowski, J. D. (1999a). Identifying uniform core journal titles for music libraries: A
dissertation citation study. College & Research Libraries, 60(2), 153-163.
Kushkowski, J. D. (1999b). Measuring the use and value of electronic journals and books.
Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship. Retrieved July 10, 2004, from
Expanded Academic Index database.
Kushkowski, J. D., & Smith, D. (1982). Library research skills for your dissertation. Denver, CO:
Libraries Unlimited.
Morner, C. J. (1995). Measuring the library research skills of education doctoral students.
In R. AnRhein (Ed.), Continuity & transformation: The promise of confluence. Proceedings
of the Seventh National Conference of the Association of College and Research Libraries,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, March 29-April 1, 1995 (pp. 381-391). Chicago: Association of
College and Research Libraries.
Norton, M. J. (2000). Introductory concepts in information science. Medford, NJ:
Information Today.
O'Connor, D. O., & Voos, H. (2005). Empirical laws, theory construction, and bibliometrics. In J.
Smith & B. B. Jones, New adventures on the Web. Springfield, MA: Springer Verlag.
Using Microsoft Word’s formatting for
hanging indentations
•
•
•
•
•
Go to Format.
Select Paragraph.
In Indents and Spacing
Go to the Special section.
Select Hanging.
How to Cite a Journal Article Retrieved Online
How to Cite a Journal Article Retrieved Online
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online
Author(s)
Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). It’s not about time:
A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology
Trends, 24(3), 34-47. Retrieved June 1, 2006, from
Education Full Text database.
• Initials, not first names
• Ampersand (&), not the word and
• Comma before the ampersand.
• Space between initials
See APA manual, p. 279, #91
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online - Author
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online
Year of publication
Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). It’s not about time:
A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology
Trends, 24(3), 34-47. Retrieved June 1, 2006, from
Education Full Text database.
• Enclosed in parentheses
• Period after the parentheses
• No month or day if the publication is a
journal, not a magazine, newsletter, or
newspaper article.
See APA manual, p. 279, #91
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text
Online – Year of publication
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online
Article title
Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). It’s not about time:
A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology
Trends, 24(3), 34-47. Retrieved June 1, 2006, from
Education Full Text database.
• Only first word in title and subtitle should be
be capitalized as well as any proper names.
• A period at the end of the title.
• Only one space after the period, not two.
See APA manual, p. 279, #91
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved
Full Text Online – Article title
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online
Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). It’s not about time:
A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology
Trends, 24(3), 34-47. Retrieved June 1, 2006, from
Education Full Text database.
• Journal title should have all important
words capitalized.
• It is italicized
• The journal title is followed by a comma
See APA manual, p. 279, #91
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full
Text Online – Journal title
Journal title
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online
Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). It’s not about time:
A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology
Trends, 24(3), 34-47. Retrieved June 1, 2006, from
Education Full Text database.
•
•
Volume, issue, and
page number(s)
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online
– Volume, issue, and page number(s)
The volume number is italicized
There should be no space between
the volume number and issue number
• Enclose issue number in parentheses
and follow by a comma
• Do not use p. or pp. for journal articles.
See APA manual, p. 279, #91
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online
Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). It’s not about time:
A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology
Trends, 24(3), 34-47. Retrieved June 1, 2006, from
Education Full Text database.
Retrieval statement
• Spell out the complete word for month in the retrieval statement
• Include a comma after the year
• Include the word “database” after the proper name of the database.
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full
Text Online – Retrieval statement
Articles Retrieved Online Are Not
Always Identical
Most online articles have been slightly modified or
include additional data.
Education Full Text -- HTML
Expanded Academic ASAP – text + graphics
Examples: HTML and
Text+graphics
Education Full Text -- PDF
Expanded Academic ASAP -- PDF
Examples: PDF
Internet articles based on a print source
Exact duplicate (APA manual, p. 271) :
VandenBos, G. (2001). Role of the selection of resources by psychology
undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic
Research, 5, 117-123.
Document that has changes (format differs from print version) (APA
manual, p. 272)
VandenBos, G. (2001). Role of the selection of resources by psychology
undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.
Retrieved April 13, 2006, from http://jbr.org/articles.html
Documents retrieved from an aggregated database:
VandenBos, G. (2001). Role of the selection of resources by psychology
undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.
Retrieved April 13, 2006, from Education Full Text database.
Journal Citations
• Citations of journal articles
– Include issue number if the pagination of
journal is by issue number.
– Do not include issue number if the pagination
of the journal is continuous throughout the
volume.
APA manual p. 240 # 1 and 2
Continuous pagination is through volume:
VandenBos, G. (2001). Role of the selection of resources by
psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research,
5, 317-323.
Pagination starts with page 1 in each issue:
VandenBos, G. (2001). Role of the selection of resources by
psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research,
5(4), 17-23.
Journal Citations - Pagination
Corporate author
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication
manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
• Period after the corporate author
See APA manual, p. 248
Corporate author
Year of publication
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication
manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
See APA manual, p. 248
Year of publication
Book title
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication
manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
• Only the first word in the book title and
subtitle should be capitalized as well as
any proper names.
•Use (5th ed.), not (5th ed.) and do not
italicize
• Period goes after the edition number and
page
numbers,
if any p. 248
See
APA manual,
Book title
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication
manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
Place and publisher
• Use DC, not D.C.
• Use Author if the name of the publisher is
the same as the author
Place and publisher
Location and Publisher Info
• Use state abbreviations:
FL, TX, NY, CA, DC
• Cities that do not include
state abbreviation:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Baltimore
Boston
Chicago
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
San Francisco
• Leave off superfluous terms:
– Publishers
– Co. or Company
– Inc.
• Retain the words:
– Books
– Press
• For example:
Erlbaum, John Wiley,
University of Toronto Press,
Penguin Books
Citing a Web Site:
http://www.ala.org/acrl/acrlstandards/informationliteracy.htm
Citing a Web Site
Citing a Web Site:
Corporate author
Association of College and Research Libraries. (2003). Information
literacy competency standards for higher education. Retrieved
February 12, 2006, from the American Library Association Web
site: http://www.ala.org/acrl/acrlstandards/informationliteracy.htm
See APA manual, p. 274
Citing a Web Site – Corporate author
Citing a Web Site:
Year of publication
Association of College and Research Libraries. (2003). Information
literacy competency standards for higher education. Retrieved
February 12, 2006, from the American Library Association Web
site: http://www.ala.org/acrl/acrlstandards/informationliteracy.htm
See APA manual, p. 274
Citing a Web Site – Year of publication
Citing a Web Site:
Web title
Association of College and Research Libraries. (2003). Information
literacy competency standards for higher education. Retrieved
February 12, 2006, from the American Library Association Web
site: http://www.ala.org/acrl/acrlstandards/informationliteracy.htm
• Web title is italicized.
See APA manual, p. 274
Citing a Web Site – Web title
Citing a Web Site:
Association of College and Research Libraries. (2003). Information
literacy competency standards for higher education. Retrieved
February 12, 2006, from the American Library Association Web
site: http://www.ala.org/acrl/acrlstandards/informationliteracy.htm
Retrieval statement
No period after the URL
Citing a Web Site – Retrieval statement
DISCLAIMER:
For class assignments, your
instructor has the final word on APA
formatting.
Getting help
Still confused?
You can call the Reference Desk at (800) 541-6682 ext. 4613
or email [email protected]