Transcript Slide 48

The Development of Large-area Detectors
With Space and Time Resolution
Henry J. Frisch
Enrico Fermi Institute and Argonne Natl. Lab.
OUTLINE
• Application Space: Four frontiers- time
resolution, area, QE, and cost (different
applications sit at different points in this 4D
space, but not separated by large amounts of
development effort- all 4 are fertile.)
• Goals of 3-year R&D effort- commercializable
modules
• The LAPD Collaboration: present status
• Status and needs of bridging the neutrino world
to the hardware R&D effort.
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Model of LAPD Interface to Applications
Question- how to interface to the specific
needs of the different applications while
focusing our resources and facilities on the
basic R&D needed?
Answer- build interfaces to each of the
applications so that in each case there is a
group in the application field working closely
with the technical developers. Fertile area for
new ideas, designs, applications. (great for young
folks looking for a leadership role in their field).
Best example so far is Medical Imagining- have a
group at UC who has worked closely with us;
also the `French connection’ through Patrick
LeDu. A similar effort has been started with
the neutrino community- Mayly Sanchez, Matt
Wetstein, John Felde, and Bob Svoboda….
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Parallel Efforts on Specific Applications
PET
.
Drawing Not To Scale (!)
(UC/BSD,
UCB, Lyon)
Collider
(UC,
ANL,SLAC,..
LAPD Detector
Development
ANL,Arradiance,Chicago,Fermilab,
Hawaii,Muons,Inc,SLAC,SSL/UCB,
Synkera, U. Wash.
DUSEL
K->pnn
(Matt, Mayly,
Bob, John, ..)
(UC(?))
Security
(ANL??)
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Application 1 (my initial motivation)
We (you, we_all) spend big bucks/year measuring the 3-
momenta of hadrons, but can’t follow the flavor-flow of
quarks, the primary objects that are colliding.
Principle: measure ALL the information
CDF-1979
to present
Discoveries:
Top quark
B_s Mixing
Measurements:
Not light
compared to
Atlas and
CMS ( 5000
tons)
Many many
many- and
many more not
done yet
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Is Flavor Fundamental?

Is the existence of ‘flavor’- e,mu, tau; up,
down, strange, charm, bottom, and top,
fundamental, in the sense that if we can’t
understand it in a deeper way, we’re in the
grip of initial conditions rather than
fundamental symmetries or principles?

Really a deep divide between the string
landscape
community,
who
are
stuck
with
10500 equally possible universes, and us,
who have this one characterized by small
integers and interesting patterns. (AsideThis latter, I believe, is the future area for
Fermilab).
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Quarks and Lepton SectorsFundamental??
M~2 MeV
Q=2/3
M=175,000 MeV
M=1750 MeV
Quarks
M=300 MeV
M=4,500 MeV
Q=-1/3
Nico Berry (nicoberry.com)
(Should we ask for
one for
the neutrinos? What do they look like? Inverted or Normal?)
M~2
MeV
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Application 1-Quark Flavor Physics
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E.g- Tevatron 3rd-generation detector (combine D0 and CDF
hardcore groups); ATLAS Upgrade (true upgrade)
One example- precision measurements of the top and W masses
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A real CDF Top Quark Event
T-Tbar -> W+bW-bbar
Measure transit time here
(stop)
W->charm sbar
B-quark
T-quark->W+bquark
T-quark->W+bquark
B-quark
Cal. Energy
From electron
W->electron+neutrino
Fit t0 (start) from all tracks
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Can we follow the color flow through kaons, cham, bottom? TOF!
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Application 1a- Collider Detector Upgrades
Photon Vertexing
Real data- 3 events in one beam crossing:
2 events at same place; 2 at same time
Can distinguish in the 2D space-time plane
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Application 2- Lepton Flavor Physics
Constantinos Melachrinos (Cypress)
(idea of Howard Nicholson)
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Example- DUSEL detector with 100% coverage and
3D photon vertex reconstruction.
Need >10,000 square meters (!) (100 ps resolution)
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Application 3- Medical Imaging (PET)
Advantages: Factor of 10 cheaper (?); depth of interaction
measurement; 375 ps resolution (H. Kim, UC)
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Application 4: Fixed-target Geometries
Particle ID and Photon Vertexing
Geometry is planar- i.e.
the event is projected onto
a detection plane. Timing
gives the path length
from the point on the
plane to the interaction.
New information for
vertexing, reconstruction
of p0 ‘s from 2 photons,
direction of long-lived
particles.
Thin Pb Converter
Very thin in ‘z’direction,
unlike Cherenkovcounters.
Can give a space-point
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and z
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Application 5- Nuclear Nonproliferation
Haven’t thought about this yet- looking for interested ANL
folks. But:
1. MCP’s loaded with Boron or Gadolinium are used
as neutron detectors with good gamma separation
(Nova Scientific).
2. Large-area means could scan trucks, containers
3. Time resolution corresponds to space resolution
out of the detector plane IF one has a t_0
An area for possible applications- needs a leader
to form an application group.
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Why has 100 psec been the # for 60 yrs?
Typical path lengths for light and electrons are set by
physical dimensions of the light collection and
amplifying device.
These are now on the order of an inch. One inch is 100 psec
That’s what we measure- no surprise! (pictures from T. Credo)
Typical Light Source (With Bounces)AdvancesTypical
Detection Device (With Long Path Lengths)
in Neutrino Technology, Aug
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Characteristics we need
Small feature size << 300 microns
 Homogeneity (ability to make uniform
large-area- think solar-panels, floor tiles)
 Fast rise-time and/or constant signal shape
 Lifetime (rad hard in some cases)
 Intrinsic low cost: application specific (lowcost materials and simple batch fabrication)
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Our Detector Development- 3 Prongs
Readout: Transmission lines+waveform sampling
Anode is a 50-ohm stripline- can be long; readout 2 ends
CMOS sampling onto capacitors- fast, cheap, low-power
Sampling ASICs demonstrated and widely used
Go from .25micron to .13micron; 8ch/chip to 32/chip
Simulations predict 2-3 ps resolution with present rise
times, ~1 with faster
(MCP Signal Processing for Pico-second Resolution Timing Measurements.
Jean-Francois Genat (Chicago U., EFI) , Gary Varner (Hawaii U.) , Fukun
Tang, Henry J. Frisch (Chicago U., EFI) . Oct 2008. 18pp.
Published in Nucl.Instrum.Meth.A607:387-393,2009. e-Print: arXiv:0810.5590
MCP development
Use Atomic Layer Deposition for emissive materials
(amplification); passive substrates
Simulation of EVERYTHING as basis for design
Modern computing tools plus some amazing people
allow simulation of things- validate with data.
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)
Generating the signal (particles)
Incoming rel. particle
Use Cherenkov light - fast
Custom Anode with
Equal-Time Transmission
Lines + Capacitative. Return
A 2” x 2” MCPactual thickness
~3/4”
e.g. Burle
(Photonis) 85022with mods per
our work
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Collect charge here-differential
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Input to 200 GHz TDC chip
Micro-channel Plates
Currently the glass substrate has a dual function1. To provide the geometry and electric field like the
dynode chain in a PMT, and
2. To use an intrinsic lead-oxide layer for secondary
electron emission (SEE)
Micro-photograph of
Burle 25 micron
tube- Greg Sellberg
(Fermilab)~2M$/m2- not
including readout
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Get position AND time
Anode Design and Simulation(Fukun Tang)
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Transmission Line- readout both ends=> pos and time
Cover large areas with much reduced channel account.
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Photonis Planicon on Transmission Line Board
Couple 1024 pads to strip-lines with silver-loaded epoxy (Greg
Sellberg, Fermilab).
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Comparison of measurements (Ed May and JeanFrancois Genat and simulation (Fukun Tang)
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Transmission Line- simulation shows 3.5GHz
bandwidth- 100 psec rise (well-matched to MCP)
Measurements in Bld362 laser teststand match
velocity and time/space resolution very well
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Scaling Performance to Large Area
Anode Simulation(Fukun Tang)
48-inch Transmission Line- simulation shows 1.1 GHz
bandwidth- still better than present electronics.
KEY POINT- READOUT FOR A 4-FOOT-WIDE
DETECTOR IS THE SAME AS FOR A LITTLE ONEHAS POTENTIAL…
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Proof of Principle
Camden Ertley results using ANL laser-test stand and commercial
Burle 25-micron tube- lots of photons
(note- pore size may matter less than current path!- we can do better
with ALD custom designs (transmission lines))
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Understanding the contributing factors
to 6 psec resolutions with present
Burle/Photonis/Ortec setupsJerry Vavra’s Numbers
1. TTS: 3.8 psec (from a TTS of 27
psec)
2. Cos(theta)_cherenk 3.3 psec
3. Pad size 0.75 psec
4. Electronics (old Ortec) 3.4 psec
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ANL Test-stand
Measurements
Jean-Francois Genat, Ed May, Eugene Yurtsev
Sample both ends of transmission line
with Photonis MCP (not optimum)
2 ps; 100 microns measured
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The Large-Area Photo-detector
Collaboration
Have formed a
collaboration to do
this in 3 years. 4
National Labs, 5
Divisions at Argonne,
3 companies,
electronics expertise
at UC and Hawaii
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R&D- not for sure,
but we see no showstoppers (yet)
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Large-area Micro-Channel Plate
Panel “Cartoon”
N.B.- this is a `cartoon’- working
on workable designs-
Front Window and Radiator
Photocathode
Pump Gap
Low Emissivity
Material
High Emissivity
Material
`Normal’ MCP
pore material
Gold Anode
Rogers
PC Card
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50 Ohm
Transmission Line
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Capacitive Pickup to Sampling Readout
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Cartoon of a `frugal’ MCP
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Put all ingredients
together- flat glass case
(think TV’s),
capillary/ALD
amplification,
transmission line
anodes, waveform
sampling
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Can dial size for occupancy,
resolution- e.g. neutrinos 4’by 2’
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MCP Simulation
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Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov
(Muons,Inc)
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MCP Simulation
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Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov
(Muons,Inc)
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MCP Simulation
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Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov
(Muons,Inc)
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MCP Simulation
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Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov
(Muons,Inc)
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Incom glass capillary substrate

New technologyuse Atomic
Layer Deposition
to `functionalize
an inert
substratecheaper, more
robust, and can
even stripe to
make dynode
structures (?)
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Another pore substrate (Incom)
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Self-Assembled Passive Substrates
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Self-assembled material- AAO (Anodic Aluminum
Oxide)- Hau Wang (MSD)
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Functionalization- ALD
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Jeff Elam, Thomas Prolier, Joe Libera (ESD)
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Functionalization- ALD
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Jeff
Elam, Thomas Prolier, Joe Libera (ESD)
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Mechanical Assembly
Difficult issues:
 sealing a large flat panel object
 Assembly- can we avoid
vacuum assembly? (I think yes)
 Sealed-tube clean livingoutgassing, scrubbing, surfacephysics; chemical interactions
with photo-cathode
 Cost (a driver)
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Mechanical Assembly
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Mechanical Assembly
8” proto-type stack
Design sketch
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8” proto-type mock-up
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Mechanical Assembly
8” proto-typestresses
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Luckily we have access to the
world’s most sophisticated test
facilities at Argonne and UC
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Lead bricks
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Front-end Electronics/Readout
Waveform sampling ASIC
First have to understand
signal and noise in the
frequency domain
EFI Electronics Development
Group: Jean-Francois Genat
(Group Leader) and Hawaii
(Gary Varner + group)
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Front-end Electronics
Resolution depends
on 3 parameters:
1. Number of PE’s
2. Analog
Bandwidth
3. Signal-to-Noise

Wave-form sampling does well- CMOS (!)
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Front-end Electronics
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Wave-form sampling does well: - esp at large Npe
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Front-end Electronics-II
See J-F Genat, G. Varner, F. Tang, and HF
arXiv: 0810.5590v1 (Oct. 2008)- to be published in
Nucl. Instr. Meth.
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Front-end Electronics/Readout
Waveform sampling ASIC
Chicago/Hawaii
collaborative
effort: Gary Varner
+ Hawaii group;
J.F. Genat, Herve
Grabas, Eric
Oberla, Sam
Meehan, Mary
Heintz (EFI)

Varner, Ritt, DeLanges, and Breton have pioneered waveform–
sampling onto an array of CMOS capacitors.
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First 0.13micron ASIC submitted 2 wks ago (!)
The chip submitted to MOSIS -- IBM 8RF (0.13 micron CMOS)- 4channel prototype. Plan on 16 channels/chip- possibly 32 later.
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Returning to Neutrino Physics
Constantinos Melachrinos (Cypress)
(idea of Howard Nicholson)

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Example- DUSEL detector with 100% coverage and
3D photon vertex reconstruction.
Need >10,000 square meters (!) (100 ps resolution)
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Neutrino-Detector Specific Considerations

Photo-cathode spectral response
Time dispersion is steep in the blue- also the response will be
more dependent on distance in the blue. What is the optimal
photo-cathode spectral response?
Notes (HJF opinions- nobody else’s fault):
1. III-V or nano-structured photo-cathodes may be much easier
and cheaper to assemble- will test pure gas assembly for both
bialkali’s and III-V.
2. And may be much more robust long-term
3. Trade-off is between photons and dispersion/attenuation
4. Cannot be answered without a real simulation INCLUDING
track reconstruction (Matt, John, Bob, …)
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Neutrino-Detector Specific Considerations
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Photo-cathode Quantum Efficiency
From the June photo-cathode workshop it seems plausible that there are big factors to be gained
in total QE (anti-reflection, opaque photo-cathodes, funnel geometries, nano-scale materials,
active pumping, …)
Notes (HJF opinions- nobody else’s fault):
1. Basic physics of photon absorption, energy transfer, electron
emission is rich and fertile for new ideas- e.g. see, e.g. Greg
Engel’s talk at the workshop for sub-psec energy pumping in
photo-cathodes (http: hep.uchicago.edu/psec, followed by
Library) – 50-years from now can we do as well?
2. Requires major investment in materials science facilities and
expertese- not in HEP, but exist at Argonne, e.g.
3. How does QE trade off vs coverage/cost in a conventional
detector, or in tracking detector? (i.e. how much is QE worth?)
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Neutrino-Detector Specific Considerations

Single Photon Response and Time resolution
Time response will depend on being able to reconstruct tracksone very attractive goal is to be able to resolve pizeros from
electrons. Scale is set by radiation length in water- 40 cm- so if we
can do 100 psec, 1 inch, can we tell 2 vertices from one, 4 electrons
from 1 ?
Notes (HJF opinions- nobody else’s fault):
1. Cannot be answered without a real simulation INCLUDING
track reconstruction (Matt, John, Bob, …)
2. Affects choice of photo-cathode- may want to be in the red (see
Jerry Va’vra’s talk at the June Photo-cathode workshop- slides
on psec web page (click on Library).
3. Single photon response has its own detector considerations…
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Neutrino-Detector Specific Considerations

Reconsidering Detector Aspect Ratio Constraints
Flat panels with `load-bearing wall’ internal construction may
allow much higher pressures on the front window, and should not
fail catastrophically as the volume inside is small.
Notes (HJF opinions- nobody else’s fault):
1. Walls are cheaper to build underground than ceilings (30%?)
2. Larger coverage fraction allows larger fiducial/total ratiosmaller cavern for same fiducial volume
3. Larger coverage fraction allows working closer to walls, => can
move towards rectangular `book on binding’ (tall, deep,
narrow) geometry with less loss of fiducial ratio.
4. Tall-deep narrow geometry plus track reconstruction capability
may also allow a transverse magnetic field (across the narrow)
for
lepton sign determination.
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Status
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We have been funded for 3 years by DOE
We have yet to be able to access the funds- but $ are
within 1 mile of us. Many things are waiting for
funds. We will, however, prevail (illegitumum non
carborundum).
We are going ahead in the meantime due to support
from the Director and Mike Pellin and Harry WeertsI’m amazed by Argonne’s strength and creativity and
facilities!
We have a blog and a web page- fun to look at and
kibitz- http://hep.uchicago.edu/psec (don’t be
bullied by the blog).
So far no show-stoppers… (but show hasn’t started)..
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What would help us from the
neutrino community:
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Simulation of pizero/electron rejection at the
vertex for different coverages, QE’s, geometries
Simulation of momentum resolution using track
reconstruction in our parameter space
Simulation(s) of performance vs QE
Applications by grad students to our upcoming
(hardware) graduate student fellowship program
Ties to material science and engineering groups
interested in secondary-electron and photoelectron processes
Much more interchange and interaction
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The End-
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BACKUP
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`Photo-multiplier in a Pore’
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Idea is to build a PMT structure inside each pore- have
a defined dynode chain of rings of material with high
secondary emissivity so that the start of the shower has
a controlled geometry (and hence small TTS)
One problem is readout- how do you cover a large area
and preserve the good timing?
Proposed solution- build anode into pores, capacitively
couple into transmission lines to preserve pulse shape.
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Jerry’s #’s re-visited : Solutions to get to
<several psec resolution.
1.
TTS: 3.8 psec (from a TTS of 27 psec)
MCP development- reduce TTS- smaller pores, smaller gaps,
filter chromaticity, ANL atomic-deposition dynodes and
anodes.
2.
Cos(theta)_cherenk 3.3 psec
Same shape- spatial distribution (e.g. strips and timedifferences measure spot)
3. Pad size 0.75 psec-
Transmission-line readout and shape reconstruction
4. Electronics 3.4 psec –
fast sampling- should be able to get < 2 psec
(extrapolation of simulation to faster pulses)
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Front-end Electronics/Readout
Waveform sampling ASIC
Herve’ Grabas
Herve’ Grabas, J.F. Genat,
Gary Varner
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FY-08 Funds –Chicago
Anode Design and Simulation
(Fukun Tang)
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What would TOF<10psec do for you?

(disclaimer- I know next to nothing about
LHCb, b-physics, or the Collab. goals..- I’m
making this up….needs work- would be
delighted to see someone pick this up.)
1. If you can stand a little active material in front of your em calorimeter,
convert photons- 10 psec is 3mm IN THE DIRECTION of the photon
flight path- can vertex photons. Do pizeros, etas, KL and KS, …
2. This allows all neutral signature mass reconstruction- new channels.
e.g. the CP asymmetry in BS->p K0 (J.Rosner suggestion)
3. Eta’s in general are nice: e.g. BS->J/psi eta (again, J.R.)
4. With two planes and time maybe get to 1 psec,=300 microns along flight
path- can one vertex from timing?
5. Searches for rare heavy long-lived things (other than b’s)- need
redundancy.
6. May help with pileup- sorting out vertices.
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