Transcript Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment: From Principles

Vocational Rehabilitation and
Employment of People with Disabilities:
From Principles to Practice
Debra Perry
Senior Specialist in Vocational Rehabilitation
International Labour Office (ILO)
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Topics / Activities
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Challenges and Barriers
International Standards
ILO Conventions and Recommendations
Current Trends
Examples of Good Practice
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The Challenge
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600 million disabled people worldwide
370 million in Asia
386 million of working-age worldwide
238 million in Asia
Most live in rural areas
Unemployment rates are double that of the general
population and as high as 80 percent
 Disability and poverty are linked
 The socioeconomic costs are high
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Barriers to Employment
Lack of policy
support
Negative attitudes
Low self-esteem,
overprotective families
Lack of assistive
devices, support
services, information
Unequal access
to education and
training
Inaccessible
buildings and
transport
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Workers with Disabilities
• Are capable and talented
• Can work and perform on par with their peers
(Dupont Study (U.S.), Lou Harris poll (U.S.),
Marriot (U.S.), Centrica (UK), Tricon
Restaurants (Australia)
• Have greater job retention
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The Response:
Promote Full Participation
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International Declarations, Standards etc.
Regional Decade of Disabled Persons
National Legislation and Policies
Service Delivery Systems and Programs
Self-Help and Advocacy Groups
• Promoting Awareness
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Timeline
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1955 ILO VR Recommendation No. 99
1971 UN Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons
1975 UN Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons
1981 UN International Year of Disabled Persons
1982 UN World Programme of Action Concerning Disabled Persons
1983-1992 UN Decade of Disabled Persons
1983 ILO VR (Disabled) Convention No. 159
1983 ILO VR (Disabled) Recommendation No. 168
1993 UN Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for
Persons with Disabilities
• 1993-2002 Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons
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The ILO and
People with Disabilities
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Decent work for all - non-discrimination
Equality of opportunity
Equality of treatment
Mainstreaming in training and employment
Choice
Special measures
Community participation
Tripartite consultations
Involvement of disabled persons and NGOs
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Basic Definitions: ILO Instruments
• Disabled Person: An individual whose prospects of
securing and retaining suitable employment are
substantially reduced as a result of physical or mental
impairment (introduced in R 99).
• Vocational Rehabilitation: That part of the
continuous and coordinated process of rehabilitation which
involves the provision of those vocational services, e.g.
vocational guidance, vocational training and selective
placement, designed to enable a disabled person to secure
and retain suitable employment (introduced in R 99).
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Recommendation No. 99 (1955)
• Covers all disabled people
• Identifies vocational guidance, training and
placement principles
• Recommends approaches to implementing
principles
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R99: Highlights
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Use existing services
Enable disabled people to use services
Include employers and trade unions
Foster cooperation between medical and VR
Expand vocational opportunities
Establish sheltered workshops/homebound
Develop services for children and youth
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Convention No. 159 (1983)
• Purpose of Vocational Rehabilitation
• Equity issues
• Policy and Action
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Purpose of Vocational
Rehabilitation
To enable a disabled person to secure,
retain and advance in suitable
employment and thereby to further such
person’s integration or reintegration into
society (introduced in C 159 and R 168)
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Services in urban
and rural areas
Special positive
measures okay
Serve all types of
disabled persons
Equity
Among disabled
and other workers
Between disabled
women and men
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Convention No. 159
POLICY
National VR
Input from employers,
labor unions, and
people with
disabilities
Fosters open
employment
ACTION
Includes the delivery
and evaluation of VR
services
Has provisions for
competent personnel
and staff training
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R168: Highlights
• Expands VR principles
• Suggests measures to increase employment
opportunities
• Encourages full community participation
• Provides approaches to equalize rural and urban
services
• Identifies strategies for VR staff development
• Specifies mechanisms for engaging workers’,
employers’ and disabled persons’ organizations
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R168: Create Job Opportunities
In th e o p en
la b ou r m a rk et
 P rov id e fin an cial in cen tiv es to em p lo y ers fo r
train ing , em p lo ym en t, ad ap tatio ns
 P rov ision s of p art-tim e and o th er job arrang em en ts
 D issem in ate in fo rm atio n on su ccess cases
 A dd itio n al research
In th e in fo rm al,
self-em p lo y m en t
secto r
 E n co urag e estab lishm en t of sm all scale in du stries,
co op erativ es, and o th er typ es of p ro du ction
w orkshop s
In sh eltered
em p lo ym en t
 P rov id e gov ern m en t su ppo rt
 E n co urag e coo peration b etw een sh eltered an d
p ro du ction w orkshop s
 G ov ern m en t su ppo rt to elim in ate po ten tial fo r
ex p lo itatio n an d to facilitate tran sitio n to op en
m ark et
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R168: Reduce Barriers to
Employment
V R serv ices
 P rov id e gov ern m en t su ppo rt
 P rov id e fo llow -up to assess effectiv en ess
 C o n sid er all fo rm s of train ing , IL S ,
literacy , etc.
P h y sica l, co m m u n ica tio n ,
a rch itectu ra l an d
tra n sp o rt b a rriers
 E lim in ate ex isting b arriers, by stag es, if
n ecessary
 C o n sid er stand ard s in n ew bu ild ing s and
co n stru ction
 F acilitate tran sp ortatio n
D ev ices etc.
 R em ov es tax es, im po rt b arriers and
related fees an d lev ies
 P rov id e aid s, d ev ices and p ersonal
serv ices
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ILO Disability Programme
 Policy Advice
 Technical Cooperation Activities
 Research Projects
 Others:
– Code of Practice on Disability
– GLADNET - Global Applied Disability and
Information Network on Employment
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Asia Pacific Decade Target Areas
1. National coordination
2. Legislation
3. Information, 4. Public awareness
5. Accessibility and Communication
6. Education
7. Training and Employment
8. Prevention of causes of disability
9. Rehabilitation
10. Assistive devices
11. Self-help organizations
12. Regional cooperation
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Training and Employment
Targets
C o llab orativ e body
to en sure vo catio n al
train ing relev an cy
A ccessib ility o f
m ain stream
train ing
E qu itab le p articip atio n
in pov erty allev iatio n
an d in co m e g eneration
B etter cu rricu la an d
su ppo rt serv ices
N atio n al p lacem en t
targ ets an d po licies
S elf-em p loy m en t
sch em es
S erv ices and fund s
for tho se w ith
ex ten siv e d isab ilities
G end er-eq u itab le
targ ets for all
m in istries
M o n itoring an d
ev alu ation b od y
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Trends Affecting Vocational
Rehabilitation
• From Charity to Civil Rights
• From the Industrial to the
Knowledge Economy
• From Centralized to Community
-based Services
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Charity
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Civil Rights
The disability movement
Inclusion of all disability groups
Medical to social model of disability
Costs of the welfare state
The business argument
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Implications
• Disabled people involved in planning,
services, and evaluation
• Mainstream services inclusive
• Services more innovative and effective
• All types of disabled persons served
• Multisectoral approaches
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Industrial
Knowledge Economy
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New focus on information and technology
Globalization
ICT and new work tools
Businesses must be leaner, meaner and smarter
Fast-paced, changing, more competitive
workplace
• Threats and opportunities for disabled persons
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Implications
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Training must address new technology
Training must be flexible
English language important
New work structures (e.g. teleworking)
Life-long learning important
Must meet employer needs
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Centralized
Community
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More attention, autonomy to communities
Fewer resources and weaker infrastructures
Different needs and standards
Greater reliance on informal sector and selfemployment for jobs
• More family and community involvement
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Implications
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Standard VR practices may not apply
Each community has different resources and needs
Community based services must reflect them
All resources should be tapped
Services and staff must be flexible and diverse
Expand concept of employment (e.g. self-employment,
cooperative)
• Poverty alleviation and income generation programs should
include disabled people
• Full community participation
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