Franklin D. Roosevelt and The Shadow of War

Chapter 35 1933-1941

The London Conference

• • • • Summer 1933 – 66 nations sent delegates to the London Economic Conference Hoped to organize a coordinated international attack on the global depression.

US did not attend because FDR did not agree with the economic policies Global trend toward nationalism on the rise

Phillipines

• • • While nationalism was on the rise, US took an isolationism policy

Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934

- provided for the independence of the – Philippines by 1946 US did not want to support Phil if Japan attacked there

The Soviet Union

• • • 1933- US officially recognized the USSR Opened trade Friendly counter weight to Germany in Europe and Japan in Asia

Becoming a Good Neighbor

• • • •

Good Neighbor Policy

- renounced armed intervention in Latin America The last marines left

Haiti

in 1934 Cuba was released from US control Grip on Panama relaxed in 1936

Reciprocal Trade Agreement

• • • Congress passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act in 1934.

Pact with 21 countries by the end of 1939 to lower trade tariffs U.S. foreign trade increased dramatically

Isolation Impulse

• • • • • • 1922 – Benito Mussolini takes over Italy 1929 – Joseph Stalin takes over Russia 1932 – Adolph Hitler takes over Germany 1936 – Rome-Berlin Axis created 1935 – Italy attacks Ethiopia Americans retain their isolationist stance!

Joseph Stalin

• • • Russian Dictator 1929-1953 He helped to turn Russia into a great industrial nation through Communism

Benito Mussolini

• • • • Italian Dictator 1922-1943 Fascist Allied with Adolph Hitler and Nazi Germany

Adolf Hitler

• • • German Fascist Leader 1932-1945 Led Nazi Germany in WWII

Neutrality

• U.S. Congress passed the

Neutrality Acts of 1935

,

1936

, and

1937

• The acts were made to keep the US out of international conflict.

Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

• • Spanish rebels led by Gen. Francisco Franco rose against the government in Madrid Assisted by Mussolini and Hitler, Franco defeated Russian supported Loyalists

Appeasement

• • • • • 1937 – Japan led an all-out invasion of China FDR remained neutral and Japan cont. to buy war supplies from US 1935 – Hitler announces mandatory military service 1936 – A.H. took over German Rhineland 1938 – Hitler invaded Austria

Munich Conference

• Sept. 1938 – European nations betrayed Czechoslovakia and gave Germany the Sudetenland • They hoped Hitler would be appeased • March 1939 – Hitler took over Czech.

USSR-Germany

• • • • • Aug. 23, 1939 – Germany and USSR sign a non aggression pact Hitler-Stalin Pact – meant Germany could attack Poland without fear of USSR Sept. 1, 1939 – Hitler invades Poland Britain and France declared war on Germany WWII had begun!

The Fall of France

• • • • • • The months after the invasion of Poland – “phony war” – no violence or attacks Soviet Union takes over Finland Hitler takes over Norway, Denmark, The Netherlands and Belgium in 1940 June 1940 – France was forced to surrender FDR calls on US to build up military Congress agreed to spend $37 Billion

Getting Ready for War

• • • • Sept. 6, 1940 – Congress passed conscription laws 1 st peace time draft 1.2 million troops and 800,000 reservists each year US restates Monroe Doctrine – European nations must stay out of Western Hemisphere (1823) and Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

The Battle of Britain (1940)

• • • Aug. 1940 – Hitler launched air attacks on Britain Battle of Britain – German attacks on the British Islands lasted for months.

Americans grew sympathetic toward Great Britain.

Two Different Approaches

• • • • •

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies – supported helping the British The America First Committee – committed to isolation September 2, 1940 – FDR agreed to transfer 50 destroyers left over from WWI to Britain.

In return, Britain agreed to hand over 8 valuable defensive base sites to the US.

This was a flagrant violation of the neutrality obligations.

Two Term Tradition ??

• • • Wendell L. Willkie (R) Franklin Roosevelt (D) Election of 1940 was won by FDR, Willkie supported many New Deal Programs

Lend-Lease Program

• • Lend-Lease Bill passed in 1941 It allowed for American arms to be lent or leased to the democracies of the world that needed them. When the war was over, the guns and tanks could be returned.

• Lend-Lease was a challenge to Axis dictators; Hitler viewed it as an unofficial declaration of war

Hitler Invades USSR

• • • • • Nations were bound by Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939 June 22, 1941 – Hitler invaded USSR The Atlantic Conf was held in Aug. 1941 FDR and Churchill met to discuss problems They came up with The Atlantic Charter – outlining desires of world democracies

Surprise Assault of Pearl Harbor

• • • U.S. demanded that Japan clear out of China Dec. 7, 1941 – Japanese bombers attack Pearl Harbor, Hawaii killing 2,348 people Dec. 11, 1941 – US declares war