Chapter 1

EUROPE IN THE AMERICAS

Columbus

 Reasons for European exploration  Demand for spice and other trade goods  High cost through Middle East  Competition with Portugal  Prince Henry the Navigator  Portugal’s opening of the Indian Ocean

Columbus

 Spain and Queen Isabella circa 1492  The Deal  Title of Admiral of the Ocean Sea  Political control of discovered lands  Ten percent of profits made in trade  Four voyages  Did Columbus really not know the truth?

Spanish America

 Treaty of Tordesillas  1513 - Balboa - Pacific Ocean  1513 - Ponce de Leon - Florida  1519 - Cortes - Aztecs  1519 - Magellan

Spanish America

 1520’s - Cabeza de Vaca - Gulf coast and American Southwest  1530’s - Pizarro – Incas  1530’s - de Soto and Coronado – north to Kansas and Grand Canyon  By 1600’s permanent settlements at St. Augustine in Florida and Santa Fe in New Mexico

Journey of Cabeza de Vaca

Indians & Europeans

 Europeans = gods  The Spanish requerimiento  Mistreatment and slaughter  Christianizing the natives  New England – fair treatment?

Cultural Differences

 Religious differences – “heathens” versus Christians  European materialism versus Indian non materialism  Political leadership – kings versus chiefs  Indian communal lands versus European farms  Differences in warfare – goals and tactics

Disease & Population Loss

 Genocide? A live Indian is better than a dead one  Bartolome de Las Casas – Spanish cruelty  The Black Legend  Disease – decimation of Indian populations

European Rivals

 France and England claimed areas of North America due to voyages of Verrazano and John Cabot  Why did Spain dominate the New World?

 Spain experienced relative domestic tranquility while France and England suffered political and religious conflict  Spain controlled areas best suited for quick returns  Spain dominated Europe under Charles V

European Rivals

 Spanish peak and decline under Philip II  Break-up of Holy Roman Empire with ascension of Philip II  Corruption of Spanish court  Spanish involvement in religious wars = debt  Failure of the Spanish Armada in 1588  1588 – The year that changed the world

Protestant Reformation

  Protestant Reformation was a mix of different movements Religious movement led by Martin Luther and John Calvin  Political movement to escape power of the Catholic Church  Economic movement with Protestant work ethic as core value Reformation

English Beginnings

 English joint-stock companies financed expeditions for Northwest Passage  Queen Elizabeth I covertly authorized Francis Drake to attack Spanish vessels  Efforts to establish English colonies at Newfoundland in 1583 (Sir Humphrey Gilbert) and Roanoke in 1585 (Sir Walter Raleigh) Roanoke

Virginia

 Jamestown  Founded in 1607  Impetus for settlement was profit  Colonization also seen as solution to unemployment and rid cities of “rogues, vagabonds, and sturdy beggars”

Virginia

 Powhatan Confederacy- 32 tribes  Strategic importance of Jamestown  Treasure versus farming  John Smith – leadership  Deterioration of relations with Indians  300 new arrivals – colony could not support

Virginia

 The “starving time”  New governor – Lord De La Warr  New laws: church, sodomy, adultery

Virginia

 Tobacco – West Indies transplants  James I  Marriage of Pocahontas & John Rolfe  Shipment of women, poor and orphans

Virginia

 Self-government – House of Burgesses  Of 4,000 settlers 1618-1622 barely ¼ survived  Only success was tobacco – success caused expansion

Virginia

 Indian war  English policy of separating communities made them easier to attack  Several settlements destroyed / 350 colonists killed  War bankrupted the Virginia Company  During company’s tenure of 7,289 total settlers, 6,040 died or returned to England

Virginia

 After Indian war, expeditions sent out 3x year to kill Indians  Treaty created demarcation line  War in 1644-1646 banished Indians from the peninsula altogether

Virginia

 Attempts by the crown to make Jamestown’s economy more diverse were fruitless  Efforts to create towns also failed due to plantation economy  Colonists created English-style counties with sheriff, constable, coroner, etc

Virginia

 Tobacco – labor intensive crop  Indentured servitude  “Crimps”  1619 – First slaves  Comparable service and treatment  Slavery preferred – docile, cheaper, could not runaway

Virginia

 Increasing reliance on slavery  Poor whites and new immigrants forced to move westward  Lack of solid middle class – rise of aristocracy  By middle of 1600s 100 families controlled colony’s wealth and power

Virginia

 Planter had to play role of merchant  Lack of towns caused plantation to become self-sufficient  Transactions took place on plantation docks  Very little development of investment capital  Development of American products discouraged Jamestown

Purification

 Queen Mary (Bloody Mary)  Elizabeth I  Anglican Church  The Middle Road  Radical Protestants (Puritans) wanted the Church purified – believed it was still too Catholic  Puritans even more unhappy under James I

Plymouth Colony

 19 November 1620  Second English foothold in New World  Private joint-stock company  The Puritans and the Separatists  Scrooby  Holland  Grant from King James I

Plymouth Colony

 Only 41 out of 102 colonists were Pilgrims  Landed at Cape Cod – Virginia was their patent  Mayflower Compact  Indians and disease  Developed successful “forest diplomacy”  December 20 – landing at Plymouth harbor

Plymouth Colony

 Differences with Jamestown  Families   Purpose Teamwork

Plymouth Colony

 Indian relations  Samoset and Squanto  Engagement in regional politics  Alliance with Wampanoag versus Narragansett  Trade – presence of fishing stations  Problems with Squanto  Jamestown attack – construction of fort

Plymouth Colony

 Colony Business  William Bradford  Investors and fur trade  1623- move to privatization versus collectivism (incentive)  1624- population at 180 – crime?

 Arrival of Massachusetts Bay Colony – demand for crops

Plymouth Colony

 Threat  Merrymount  Thomas Morton and cast-off indentured servants  America’s first counter-culture  Maypole and gun sales to Indians  Miles Standish

Plymouth Colony

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Problems in Paradise

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1630- population of 300

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Expansion versus religious ties

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Plymouth un-influential

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Lack of recruits

Massachusetts Bay Colony

 Migrations due to crises  King Charles I and Wm Laud  The Great Migration of 1630’s  Religious persecution  Economic depression  Unemployment  Poor harvests

Massachusetts Bay Colony

 John Winthrop  Massachusetts Bay Colony  1630  Endecott  Salem  Boston

Massachusetts Bay Colony

 Colony structure  Each town built around a church and congregation  Political participation restricted to church members only  Land distributed giving each ◦ House, garden, and orchard ◦ Farmland, woodland, pasture, and meadow ◦ Other land held in common

Massachusetts Bay Colony

 Status  Townships based on quasi-feudal structure  Class conscious – church pews  Undemocratic  Discriminatory  Uniformity rewarded – individualism squashed

Massachusetts Bay Colony

 Dissension = new colony  No tolerance for or dilution of ideals – strict orthodoxy  Pull of individualism  Without a threat, Puritan ideology began to unravel

Massachusetts Bay Colony

 “City Upon a Hill” versus expansion  "For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us; so that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, and so cause Him to withdraw His present help from us, we shall shame the faces of many of God's worthy servants, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses . . ." --John Winthrop, aboard the Arbella, 1630 Clip- Pilgrims & Puritans

Troublemakers

 Roger Williams  Radical  Negotiated with Indians and founded Providence  Gained charter – founded Rhode Island colony  Tolerated all religions – separation of church and state

Troublemakers

 Quakers  Anne Hutchison  Outspoken critic of Puritan doctrine  Put on trial for defaming the clergy  Cast out of Massachusetts  Moved to Rhode Island

Other New England Colonies

 Connecticut  Indians perished along Connecticut River due to disease  Puritans moved in  Four-way struggle between Puritans, Pilgrims, Dutch, and Indians  Puritan treatment of Indians  Pilgrims give up claim on land

Other New England Colonies

 1637 Pequot massacre  Safety from Indians brought new government separate from Massachusetts  New England Confederation  1643  Allied Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven  Maine and Rhode Island excluded for religious views

The French

 1564 - French Huguenots est. Fort Caroline in Florida  Friendly Indians helped but French reduced to starvation  Why?

 1565 - French relief arrived with men & supplies  Spanish felt French fort was threat

The French

  Spanish expedition under command of Menendez de Aviles arrived in Florida 1565 Stonecutters, carpenters, blacksmiths, smelters, weavers, tanners, coopers, bakers, brewers, barbers, arms-makers, and even notary  Half of soldiers were also farmers  26 Families

The French

 Spanish expedition founded St. Augustine (40 miles south of Fort Caroline)  French and Spanish mount simultaneous attacks  Cape Canaveral massacre  “I do not do this as unto Frenchmen but as unto Lutherans”

The French

 France was the most populous state in Europe (16 million versus Spain with 8 and England with 5.5)  King Henry IV offered fur trade to anyone who would finance it  Company of New France founded (10% to Crown)

The French

 Samuel de Champlain – “Father of New France”  Established failed settlements in Nova Scotia  Many settlers lost to scurvy  Established colony at Quebec  Search for Northwest Passage – discovered Great Lakes and Mississippi River  Allied with Ottawa Indians against Iroquois  Established exchange program between Indians and French

The French

 Why the French colony remained small  French emphasis on trade not settlement  France lacked middle class  Canada not an attractive destination  Immigration encouraged through salaries, cash for babies, women (city women not country girls)  No cash crop emerged

The French

 Fur trade damaged environment  Alcohol damaged Indian culture  Jesuit missionaries (Black Robes) not popular – unwilling to adapt to Indian ways  All settlers Catholic – foreigners and Huguenots not welcome  Caribbean colonies more lucrative – Canada a side show

The Dutch

 Dutch East India Company – Henry Hudson and Northwest Passage  1624 – Manhattan – 30 family settlement  Settlement lasted only 40 years  Goals of Dutch  Fur trade   Fort Orange (Albany) – receive goods Manhattan – ship goods

The Dutch

 The Dutch colony  Dutch were scrupulous in land deals with Indians  Patroonship – man who recruited 50 settlers received large lots of land  Indian wars under Governor William Kieft caused whites to leave colony  Governor Peter Stuyvesant ended wars – attempted to end gun trade with Indians

The Dutch

 New Netherlands did not grow due to emphasis on trade versus settlement  New Amsterdam was hodge-podge of nationalities, religions, and languages  Jews arrived 1654 but left due to anti-Semitic policies of Stuyvesant  New Amsterdam captured by four British warships – became property of the Duke of York (king’s brother)  Albany remained Dutch

Maryland

 Proprietary colony – personal property?

 George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) given grant by Charles I  Wanted Maryland as haven for Catholics  Colony soon had Protestant majority due to labor and immigrants from other colonies

Maryland

 Religious disputes broke out (due to English Civil War) resulting in Toleration Act of 1649  All religions including Quakers tolerated  Little to no conflict with Indians

Maryland

 Major forms of labor  Indentured  Convict  Free-Willers – recruited by “crimps”  Disease especially malaria common – over 40 percent of servants died before contract  Many freed servants could not get land due to surveying and registration fees

Maryland

 Women  Fewer numbers allowed pick of suitors  Female indentured servants often had contracts bought out  High mortality rate – only 1/3 of marriages lasted longer than ten years  20 percent of children orphaned by age 12

The Carolinas

 Proprietary colony  Envisioned with huge estates worked by a peasant class  Reality was like Virginia and Maryland  First settlers from Barbados 1670 – two areas focus of settlement: Charles Town and Albemarle  Charles Town thrived on trade / Albemarle poorer – later split as South and North Carolina

The Middle Colonies

 New York taken from Dutch  New Jersey granted as proprietary colony – later portion sold to Quakers  King Charles II gave Wm Penn grant to Pennsylvania to settle debt  Delaware ceded to Penn by Duke of York

The Middle Colonies

 Penn and Quakers intent on dealing with Indians fairly  Good lands in Pennsylvania attracted large German (“Dutch” = Deutsch) migration  Fertile lands made Pennsylvania prosperous colony with agricultural exports to Europe and Caribbean

Indians & Europeans

Indian influences  Flora and fauna  Agriculture – especially corn  Birchbark canoe European Influences  Metal objects  Clothing  Attitudes – war, property, power