Transcript Slide 1
Chapter 1
EUROPE IN THE AMERICAS
Columbus
Reasons for European exploration Demand for spice and other trade goods High cost through Middle East Competition with Portugal Prince Henry the Navigator Portugal’s opening of the Indian Ocean
Columbus
Spain and Queen Isabella circa 1492 The Deal Title of Admiral of the Ocean Sea Political control of discovered lands Ten percent of profits made in trade Four voyages Did Columbus really not know the truth?
Spanish America
Treaty of Tordesillas 1513 - Balboa - Pacific Ocean 1513 - Ponce de Leon - Florida 1519 - Cortes - Aztecs 1519 - Magellan
Spanish America
1520’s - Cabeza de Vaca - Gulf coast and American Southwest 1530’s - Pizarro – Incas 1530’s - de Soto and Coronado – north to Kansas and Grand Canyon By 1600’s permanent settlements at St. Augustine in Florida and Santa Fe in New Mexico
Journey of Cabeza de Vaca
Indians & Europeans
Europeans = gods The Spanish requerimiento Mistreatment and slaughter Christianizing the natives New England – fair treatment?
Cultural Differences
Religious differences – “heathens” versus Christians European materialism versus Indian non materialism Political leadership – kings versus chiefs Indian communal lands versus European farms Differences in warfare – goals and tactics
Disease & Population Loss
Genocide? A live Indian is better than a dead one Bartolome de Las Casas – Spanish cruelty The Black Legend Disease – decimation of Indian populations
European Rivals
France and England claimed areas of North America due to voyages of Verrazano and John Cabot Why did Spain dominate the New World?
Spain experienced relative domestic tranquility while France and England suffered political and religious conflict Spain controlled areas best suited for quick returns Spain dominated Europe under Charles V
European Rivals
Spanish peak and decline under Philip II Break-up of Holy Roman Empire with ascension of Philip II Corruption of Spanish court Spanish involvement in religious wars = debt Failure of the Spanish Armada in 1588 1588 – The year that changed the world
Protestant Reformation
Protestant Reformation was a mix of different movements Religious movement led by Martin Luther and John Calvin Political movement to escape power of the Catholic Church Economic movement with Protestant work ethic as core value Reformation
English Beginnings
English joint-stock companies financed expeditions for Northwest Passage Queen Elizabeth I covertly authorized Francis Drake to attack Spanish vessels Efforts to establish English colonies at Newfoundland in 1583 (Sir Humphrey Gilbert) and Roanoke in 1585 (Sir Walter Raleigh) Roanoke
Virginia
Jamestown Founded in 1607 Impetus for settlement was profit Colonization also seen as solution to unemployment and rid cities of “rogues, vagabonds, and sturdy beggars”
Virginia
Powhatan Confederacy- 32 tribes Strategic importance of Jamestown Treasure versus farming John Smith – leadership Deterioration of relations with Indians 300 new arrivals – colony could not support
Virginia
The “starving time” New governor – Lord De La Warr New laws: church, sodomy, adultery
Virginia
Tobacco – West Indies transplants James I Marriage of Pocahontas & John Rolfe Shipment of women, poor and orphans
Virginia
Self-government – House of Burgesses Of 4,000 settlers 1618-1622 barely ¼ survived Only success was tobacco – success caused expansion
Virginia
Indian war English policy of separating communities made them easier to attack Several settlements destroyed / 350 colonists killed War bankrupted the Virginia Company During company’s tenure of 7,289 total settlers, 6,040 died or returned to England
Virginia
After Indian war, expeditions sent out 3x year to kill Indians Treaty created demarcation line War in 1644-1646 banished Indians from the peninsula altogether
Virginia
Attempts by the crown to make Jamestown’s economy more diverse were fruitless Efforts to create towns also failed due to plantation economy Colonists created English-style counties with sheriff, constable, coroner, etc
Virginia
Tobacco – labor intensive crop Indentured servitude “Crimps” 1619 – First slaves Comparable service and treatment Slavery preferred – docile, cheaper, could not runaway
Virginia
Increasing reliance on slavery Poor whites and new immigrants forced to move westward Lack of solid middle class – rise of aristocracy By middle of 1600s 100 families controlled colony’s wealth and power
Virginia
Planter had to play role of merchant Lack of towns caused plantation to become self-sufficient Transactions took place on plantation docks Very little development of investment capital Development of American products discouraged Jamestown
Purification
Queen Mary (Bloody Mary) Elizabeth I Anglican Church The Middle Road Radical Protestants (Puritans) wanted the Church purified – believed it was still too Catholic Puritans even more unhappy under James I
Plymouth Colony
19 November 1620 Second English foothold in New World Private joint-stock company The Puritans and the Separatists Scrooby Holland Grant from King James I
Plymouth Colony
Only 41 out of 102 colonists were Pilgrims Landed at Cape Cod – Virginia was their patent Mayflower Compact Indians and disease Developed successful “forest diplomacy” December 20 – landing at Plymouth harbor
Plymouth Colony
Differences with Jamestown Families Purpose Teamwork
Plymouth Colony
Indian relations Samoset and Squanto Engagement in regional politics Alliance with Wampanoag versus Narragansett Trade – presence of fishing stations Problems with Squanto Jamestown attack – construction of fort
Plymouth Colony
Colony Business William Bradford Investors and fur trade 1623- move to privatization versus collectivism (incentive) 1624- population at 180 – crime?
Arrival of Massachusetts Bay Colony – demand for crops
Plymouth Colony
Threat Merrymount Thomas Morton and cast-off indentured servants America’s first counter-culture Maypole and gun sales to Indians Miles Standish
Plymouth Colony
Problems in Paradise
1630- population of 300
Expansion versus religious ties
Plymouth un-influential
Lack of recruits
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Migrations due to crises King Charles I and Wm Laud The Great Migration of 1630’s Religious persecution Economic depression Unemployment Poor harvests
Massachusetts Bay Colony
John Winthrop Massachusetts Bay Colony 1630 Endecott Salem Boston
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Colony structure Each town built around a church and congregation Political participation restricted to church members only Land distributed giving each ◦ House, garden, and orchard ◦ Farmland, woodland, pasture, and meadow ◦ Other land held in common
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Status Townships based on quasi-feudal structure Class conscious – church pews Undemocratic Discriminatory Uniformity rewarded – individualism squashed
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Dissension = new colony No tolerance for or dilution of ideals – strict orthodoxy Pull of individualism Without a threat, Puritan ideology began to unravel
Massachusetts Bay Colony
“City Upon a Hill” versus expansion "For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us; so that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, and so cause Him to withdraw His present help from us, we shall shame the faces of many of God's worthy servants, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses . . ." --John Winthrop, aboard the Arbella, 1630 Clip- Pilgrims & Puritans
Troublemakers
Roger Williams Radical Negotiated with Indians and founded Providence Gained charter – founded Rhode Island colony Tolerated all religions – separation of church and state
Troublemakers
Quakers Anne Hutchison Outspoken critic of Puritan doctrine Put on trial for defaming the clergy Cast out of Massachusetts Moved to Rhode Island
Other New England Colonies
Connecticut Indians perished along Connecticut River due to disease Puritans moved in Four-way struggle between Puritans, Pilgrims, Dutch, and Indians Puritan treatment of Indians Pilgrims give up claim on land
Other New England Colonies
1637 Pequot massacre Safety from Indians brought new government separate from Massachusetts New England Confederation 1643 Allied Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven Maine and Rhode Island excluded for religious views
The French
1564 - French Huguenots est. Fort Caroline in Florida Friendly Indians helped but French reduced to starvation Why?
1565 - French relief arrived with men & supplies Spanish felt French fort was threat
The French
Spanish expedition under command of Menendez de Aviles arrived in Florida 1565 Stonecutters, carpenters, blacksmiths, smelters, weavers, tanners, coopers, bakers, brewers, barbers, arms-makers, and even notary Half of soldiers were also farmers 26 Families
The French
Spanish expedition founded St. Augustine (40 miles south of Fort Caroline) French and Spanish mount simultaneous attacks Cape Canaveral massacre “I do not do this as unto Frenchmen but as unto Lutherans”
The French
France was the most populous state in Europe (16 million versus Spain with 8 and England with 5.5) King Henry IV offered fur trade to anyone who would finance it Company of New France founded (10% to Crown)
The French
Samuel de Champlain – “Father of New France” Established failed settlements in Nova Scotia Many settlers lost to scurvy Established colony at Quebec Search for Northwest Passage – discovered Great Lakes and Mississippi River Allied with Ottawa Indians against Iroquois Established exchange program between Indians and French
The French
Why the French colony remained small French emphasis on trade not settlement France lacked middle class Canada not an attractive destination Immigration encouraged through salaries, cash for babies, women (city women not country girls) No cash crop emerged
The French
Fur trade damaged environment Alcohol damaged Indian culture Jesuit missionaries (Black Robes) not popular – unwilling to adapt to Indian ways All settlers Catholic – foreigners and Huguenots not welcome Caribbean colonies more lucrative – Canada a side show
The Dutch
Dutch East India Company – Henry Hudson and Northwest Passage 1624 – Manhattan – 30 family settlement Settlement lasted only 40 years Goals of Dutch Fur trade Fort Orange (Albany) – receive goods Manhattan – ship goods
The Dutch
The Dutch colony Dutch were scrupulous in land deals with Indians Patroonship – man who recruited 50 settlers received large lots of land Indian wars under Governor William Kieft caused whites to leave colony Governor Peter Stuyvesant ended wars – attempted to end gun trade with Indians
The Dutch
New Netherlands did not grow due to emphasis on trade versus settlement New Amsterdam was hodge-podge of nationalities, religions, and languages Jews arrived 1654 but left due to anti-Semitic policies of Stuyvesant New Amsterdam captured by four British warships – became property of the Duke of York (king’s brother) Albany remained Dutch
Maryland
Proprietary colony – personal property?
George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) given grant by Charles I Wanted Maryland as haven for Catholics Colony soon had Protestant majority due to labor and immigrants from other colonies
Maryland
Religious disputes broke out (due to English Civil War) resulting in Toleration Act of 1649 All religions including Quakers tolerated Little to no conflict with Indians
Maryland
Major forms of labor Indentured Convict Free-Willers – recruited by “crimps” Disease especially malaria common – over 40 percent of servants died before contract Many freed servants could not get land due to surveying and registration fees
Maryland
Women Fewer numbers allowed pick of suitors Female indentured servants often had contracts bought out High mortality rate – only 1/3 of marriages lasted longer than ten years 20 percent of children orphaned by age 12
The Carolinas
Proprietary colony Envisioned with huge estates worked by a peasant class Reality was like Virginia and Maryland First settlers from Barbados 1670 – two areas focus of settlement: Charles Town and Albemarle Charles Town thrived on trade / Albemarle poorer – later split as South and North Carolina
The Middle Colonies
New York taken from Dutch New Jersey granted as proprietary colony – later portion sold to Quakers King Charles II gave Wm Penn grant to Pennsylvania to settle debt Delaware ceded to Penn by Duke of York
The Middle Colonies
Penn and Quakers intent on dealing with Indians fairly Good lands in Pennsylvania attracted large German (“Dutch” = Deutsch) migration Fertile lands made Pennsylvania prosperous colony with agricultural exports to Europe and Caribbean
Indians & Europeans
Indian influences Flora and fauna Agriculture – especially corn Birchbark canoe European Influences Metal objects Clothing Attitudes – war, property, power