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Nanotechnology for Future Batteries Yaroslav Aulin Outline Introduction Li-ion batteries and nanotechnology Other nanobatteries Conclusions 2 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 How do batteries work? anode (-) cathode (+) e e e e current e - + + - + + + + + + current electrolyte © 2009 Yaroslav Aulin 3 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 Parameters to be improved Stored energy per mass(volume) Power Recharge time Lifetime Cost Safety Environmental sustainability J.Thomas, Nature Materials 2, 705 - 706 (2003) 4 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 Moore’s law-not for batteries Image courtesy: Intel Corporation www.batteriesdigest.com/lithium_ion_challenge.htm 18650 Li ion cell 5 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 www.lbl.gov Batteries’ timeline now 5..10 years from now M. Armand & J.-M. Tarascon, Nature 451, 652-657 (2008) 6 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 … Li-ion batteries 7 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 Conventional Li-ion batteries Anode: graphite Cathode: LiCoO2 electrolyte: a solution of LiPF6 in EC-DMC www.electronics-lab.com/ LiCoO2 8 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 Graphite Problems Graphite – low specific capacity for Li storage LiCoO2-high cost Liquid electrolyte Solution: nanomaterials 9 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 Anode 10 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 Anode Unlithiated material Fully lithiated material Gravimetric Volumetric capacity capacity (mAhg-1) (mAhcc-1) Al LiAl 993 1.374 Si Li21Si5 4008 2.323 Sn Li22Sn5 994 2.025 Sb Li3Sb 660 1.881 C, graphite LiC6 372 0.760 Gravimetric (volumetric) capacitycharge that could be stored per unit mass(volume) of the material 11 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 Anode Si High gravimetric capacity Problem: the volume of Si changes by 400% upon cycling Solution: nanostructured electrodes 12 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 Anode Schematic of morphological change that occur in Si during electrochemical cycling C.K. Chan et. al. Nature Nanotechnology 3, 31 - 35 (2008) 13 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 Anode graphite Capacity vs cycle number data for Si NW electrode compared to graphite Structural evolution of Si NWs during lithiation C.K. Chan et. al. Nature Nanotechnology 3, 31 - 35 (2008) 14 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 Cathode 15 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 Cathode LiFePO4 Cheap, environmentally benign, reasonable capacity(110 mAhg-1 versus 130 mAhg-1 for LiCoO2) M. Armand & J.-M. Tarascon, Nature 414, 359-367 (2001) Problems: insulator, low Li ion diffusion Solution: carbon-coated nanoparticles 16 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 Cathode Cycling behavior and SEM image of carbon coated nanoparticulate LiFePO4 electrode C.Z. Lu et al. Journal of Power Sources 189 (2009) 17 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 Cathode Sample Thickness of pellet (mm) Resistance (kΩ) Conductivity (S cm−1) LFP (0 wt.% HC) 1.06 52316.5 3.97 × 10−8 LFP (6.0 wt.% HC) 0.77 8.32 3.45 × 10−4 LFP (8.0 wt.% HC) 0.88 6.78 3.70 × 10−4 LFP (10 wt.% HC) 0.55 8.67 4.63 × 10−4 LFP (12 wt.% HC) 0.63 6.95 5.04 × 10−4 C.Z. Lu et al. Journal of Power Sources 189 (2009) 18 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 Electrolyte 19 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 Solid state polymer electrolytes All solid state construction Simplicity of manufacture Wide variety of shapes and sizes Higher energy density No leak-outs and internal short-circuits Problem: poor ionic conductivity Solution: nanocomposite polymer electrolytes 20 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 Solid state polymer electrolytes S. Panero et al. Journal of Power Sources 129 (2004) Influence of ZrO2 nanoparticles on ionic conductivity of P(EO)20LiCF3SO3 21 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 Solid state polymer electrolytes Problems remaining: better understanding of ionic conductivity of polymers is required electrode-electrolyte interface 22 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 23 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 http://www.sandia.gov/ M. Armand & J.-M. Tarascon, Nature 451, 652-657 (2008) http://www.mit.edu/ http://www.rpi.edu/ 24 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 … Conclusions Progress in nanoscience and nanotechnology will allow to design new types of batteries based on nanomaterials and having improved properties: increased capacity, improved charge-discharge characteristics, reduced power cost, lower weight and smaller size, better environmental sustainability Nanostructured electrodes and solid polymer electrolytes are the materials that will drastically improve conventional Li-ion batteries 25 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 Acknowledgements I would like to thank prof. Paul van Loosdrecht for supervising me during this project 26 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009 Thank you for your attention! Questions? 27 "Energy & Nano" - Top Master in Nanoscience Symposium 17 June 2009