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Matter and Change Question: What connects Physical Science & Biology? The sciences were once divided into 2 broad categories: Biology: Living Things Chemistry: All Things Physical Science: Nonliving Things Consider the world around you. What can you think of that is not made from a chemical? Chemistry: The study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes. Instruments are often used in chemistry to extend our ability to better answer all of these questions, Types of Research Basic Research-is carried out for the sake of increasing knowledge. Applied Research-is generally carried out to solve a problem. Discovery of Teflon-Roy Plunkett discovered Teflon by being curious as to why an empty gas cylinder had a mass greater than it should have. When it was discovered that refrigerant was harming the ozone layer chemists created new refrigerants that did not harm the ozone layer. Technological Development-involves the production and use of products that improve our quality of life Later on the discovery of Teflon was used to create nonstick cookware. Technological application often lags far behind the discoveries that are used in technologies. ?What is the difference in science and technology? Technology is using Science to improve everyday life. Basic Building Blocks Matter-anything that has mass and takes up space. General properties of ALL matter Mass-measure of the amount of matter Volume-Amount of 3 dimensional space and object occpies. • List 3 examples of Matter •List 3 examples of Non-Matter Atom-the smallest unit of an element that maintains the identity of that element. Element-a pure substance that cannot be broken down, made of one type of atom. Ex-Fe, Mn, O Compound-a substance that can be broken down into simple stable substances. Each compound is made from the atoms of two or more different elements that are chemically bonded. Ex-H2O, CO2, NaCl Physical Properties and Physical Changes Physical Property-a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance. Ex-Melting point & boiling point (water-Melts at 0̊ C or Boils at 100°C), Color, odor, hardness, density, volume Physical Change-A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance Grinding, cutting, melting, boiling… Change of State-A physical change of a substance from one state to another. Solid Liquid Gas Plasma -Has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape. -Expands to fill any size container. Definite Volume and definite shape Solid Below 0°C, water solidifies to become ice. In the solid state, water molecules are held together in a rigid structure. Liquid -Definite Volume Between 0°C and 100 °C, water is a but has an liquid. In the liquid indefinite shape. state, water -Takes the shape molecules are close of the container together, but can move about freely. Gas At 100°C, water becomes water vapor, a gas. Molecules can move randomly over large distances. Plasma-The Fourth State Plasma is like the gaseous state due to it does not have a definite shape or volume. Unlike all other gaseous states-Plasma is a hightemperature state in which atoms lose most of their electrons-atoms are ionized Properties and Changes in Matter •All Properties are either Intensive or Extensive Intensive Extensive -Does not depend -Depends on the on the amount of amount of matter. • Volume matter. • • • • Melting Point Boiling Point Density Conductibility • • Mass Amount of energy in the substance Chemical Properties and Chemical Changes Chemical properties- describe the way a substance can change or react to form other substances. Ability to burn Ability to rust Ability to Decompose Chemical Change or Chemical Reaction (Rx)-A change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances. Different substances with different physical and chemical properties are formed The original substances are called Reactants The resulting substances are called Products 4 Ways to Recognize a Chemical Change (energy)Light or heat is given off formation of a precipitate production of a gas color change Note that the energy it takes to decompose the MercuryOxide is not lost but rather transformed into a different form. Perhaps by forming bonds or exciting electrons –Law of conservation of Energy Mercury(II) oxide mercury + Oxygen OR 2HgO 2Hg + O2 Physical and Chemical Property Review Pick any Object In the school and write it down on a clean sheet of paper.(make sure it’s appropriate) Exchange your paper with another student Write down 3 Physical Properties of the item on your paper Label each physical property as with intensive or extensive Write down 3 Chemical properties of the item on your paper Label each chemical Property as intensive or extensive Classification of Matter All matter can be classified as either a Mixture or a Pure Substance. ----------------------------------------------------------------- Mixture-a physical blend of two or more substances that are not chemically combined. Each component retains its own identity and properties. A mixture’s overall properties are determined by how much of each substance is in the mixture. A mixture can be either Heterogeneous or Homogeneous. Types of Mixtures Homogeneous Mixtures- uniform in composition. Cannot tell the different components of the mixture by looking at it. Also called solutions Can be separated due to its physical properties using (distillation, evaporation, sometimes centrifugation, etc.) Copper II Sulfate Stainless Steel is a Mixture of Metals-Iron (Fe) -Chromium (Cr) -Nickel (Ni) Argon, nitrogen, and (water vapor) Distillation: -separate dissolved solids from a liquid -uses boiling and condensation. Distillation of Crude Oil Types of Mixture (Heterogeneous) Heterogeneous Mixtures- not uniform throughout. You can tell there are different components with the naked eye. Can be separated due to physical properties such as: density, polarity, metallic properties Means of separation: decantation, filtration, magnet, centrifugation, paper chromatography, Tweezers. Decantation Magnet Tweezers Filtration: separates a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture Paper Chomatography Pure Substance Pure Substance- has a fixed composition and cannot be separated without changing what it is. Every Sample of a pure substance has the same characteristic physical and chemical properties. A pure substances properties are so specific that they can be used to identify the substance. Example- Water H2O Same freezing Point, Boiling Point, Density •All Pure Water Freezes at 0̊ C •All Pure Water boils at 100̊ C •All Pure Water has a density of 1 g/cm3 Pure Substances are classified as either Elements or Compounds Pure Substance Con’t Elements- cannot be broken down without losing the identity of the substance. Bromine molecule, Br2 Copper atom, Cu Pure substance con’t Compound- can be decomposed or separated into simpler compounds or elements by chemical means only (exElectrolysis). Represented by a Chemical Formula (Ex-Water H2O, Salt NaCl) Always Combined in Fixed Proportions or Composition Carbon dioxide Molecule, CO2 Electrolysis of a compound Oxygen molecule, O2 Hydrogen molecule, H2 Water Molecule, H2O Matter Can it be separated? Yes No Mixtures Is the composition uniform? Yes Homogeneous Mixture (air, sugar water, stainless steel) Pure Substances No Heterogeneous Mixture (granite, wood, blood) Yes Can it be decomposed by ordinary chemical means? Compounds (water, sodium chloride, sucrose) No Elements (gold, aluminum, oxygen, chlorine)