Transcript Unit III – A Modern Nation

Unit III – A
Modern Nation
Chapter 10 Section 1
American Life Changes
American Life Changes
The Main Idea
The United States experienced many social changes during
the 1920s.
Reading Focus
• What were the new roles for American women in the 1920s?
• What were the effects of growing urbanization in the United
States in the 1920s?
• In what ways did the 1920s reveal a national conflict over
basic values?
• What was Prohibition, and how did it affect the nation?
New Roles for Women
New Opportunities
New Family Roles
• The 19th Amendment allowed
women to vote, and some
were elected to state and
local office.
• The 1920s brought a shift
in many people’s attitudes
toward men and women’s
relationships.
• In general, however, women
voted about as much as the
men in their lives.
• Many women had taken jobs
during World War I but lost
them when men came home.
• During the 1920s women
joined the workforce in large
numbers, though mostly in
the lowest-paying
professions.
• Women attended college in
greater numbers.
• The basic rules defining
female behavior were
beginning to change.
• American women
continued to have primary
responsibility for caring
for the home, and most
still depended on men for
financial support.
• More, however, sought
greater equality.
Womens Suffrage- 19th Amendment
– Why We Don't Want Men to
Vote
 Because man's place is in the army.
 Because no really manly man wants to settle
any question otherwise than by fighting
about it.
 Because if men should adopt peaceable
methods women will no longer look up to
them.
 Because men will lose their charm if they
step out of their natural sphere and interest
themselves in other matters than feats of
arms, uniforms, and drums.
 Because men are too emotional to vote. Their
conduct at baseball games and political
conventions shows this, while their innate
tendency to appeal to force renders them
unfit for government.
Womens Suffrage- 19th
Amendment
•
1920 Henry Burn casts the
deciding vote that makes
Tennessee the thirty-sixth, and
final state, to ratify the
Nineteenth Amendment.
August 26: The Nineteenth
Amendment is adopted and the
women of the United States are
finally enfranchised.
•
19th Amendment
•
“The right of citizens of the
United States to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United
States or by any state on account
of sex.”
The Flapper
One popular image that reflects changes for women in the Roaring
Twenties was the flapper, a young woman of the era who defied
traditional ideas of proper dress and behavior.
Flappers
Other Women
• Flappers shocked society by
cutting their hair, raising
hemlines, wearing makeup,
smoking, drinking, and dancing.
• In much of the U.S., women
only read about flappers in
magazines, and many
disapproved of flappers or
wouldn’t dare to be so
reckless.
• The dress style was popular
among young, rebellious girls.
• .The term flapper suggested an
independent, free lifestyle.
• Some older women’s rights
reformers thought flappers
were only interested in fun.
• Flappers mostly lived in cities,
though rural people read about
them in magazines.
• Many did not take flappers
seriously.
The flapper craze took hold mainly in American cities, but in many
ways the flappers represented the rift between cities and rural areas.
Flappers
•
The flapper was "modern."
•
Lively and full of energy, she was single but
eligible.
•
With short hair and a short skirt, with
turned-down hose and powdered knees the flapper must have seemed to her
mother (the gentle Gibson girl of an earlier
generation) like a rebel.
•
No longer confined to home and tradition,
the typical flapper was a young women who
was often thought of as a little fast and
maybe even a little brazen
•
These young women further blurred the
boundaries between respectable and
depraved by their public activities;
swearing, smoking cigarettes, drinking
alcohol, dancing, and dating were among
her pastimes.
Slang
•
ankle: to walk, i.e.. "Let's ankle!”
•
ankle: to walk, i.e.. "Let's ankle!”
•
apple sauce: flattery, nonsense, i.e.. "Aw,
applesauce!”
•
apple sauce: flattery, nonsense, i.e.. "Aw,
applesauce!”
•
beeswax: business, i.e. "None of your
beeswax." Student.
•
beeswax: business, i.e. "None of your
beeswax." Student.
•
Tin Pan Alley: the music industry in New
York, located between 48th and 52nd Streets
•
Tin Pan Alley: the music industry in New
York, located between 48th and 52nd Streets
•
palooka: (1) a below-average or average
boxer (2) a social outsider, from the comic
strip character Joe Palooka, who came from
humble ethnic roots
•
palooka: (1) a below-average or average
boxer (2) a social outsider, from the comic
strip character Joe Palooka, who came from
humble ethnic roots
•
killjoy: a solemn person
•
killjoy: a solemn person
Jazz Age – 5:18 min.
The Jazz Age
•
Nothing quite like it had ever happened
before in America. And by the mid1920s, jazz was being played in dance
halls and roadhouses and speakeasies all
over the country. The blues, which had
once been the product of itinerant black
musicians, the poorest of the southern
poor, had become an industry, and
dancing consumed a country that
seemed convinced prosperity would
never end.
•
Dances like the Lindy Hop, Charleston,
Shimmy, Blackbottom, the Break-away, Texas Tommy, Cake Walk, Turkey
Trot, Grizzley Bear, and Apache Dance.
New Roles for Women
• Explain- What was the purpose of
the Nineteenth Amendment?
• Analyze- Why do you think women
tended to vote as their husbands or
fathers did?
• Develop- How do you think World
War I changed women’s lives?
New Roles for Women
• Describe- How were supporters of
women’s rights different from
flappers?
• Evaluate- Why do you think flappers
lived mostly in urban areas?
Effects of Urbanization
•
Though the 1920s was a time of great economic opportunities for
many, farmers did not share in the prosperity.
•
Farming took a hard hit after World War I, when demand for products
went down and many workers moved to industrialized cities.
•
The 1920 census showed that for the first time ever, more Americans
lived in cities than in rural areas, and three-fourths of all workers
worked somewhere other than a farm.
•
The rise of the automobile helped bring the cities and the country
together, and rural people were now likely to spend time in town and
were less isolated.
•
Education also increased, and by the 1920s many states passed laws
requiring children to attend school, helping force children out of
workplaces.
School attendance and enrollment increased as industry grew because
more people could afford to send their children to school, not to work.
Effects of Urbanization
• What were the effects of growing
urbanization on the United States in the
1920’s?
• Identify- What surprising information
was revealed in the 1920 census?
• Analyze- How did the automobile change
life in rural areas?
• Evaluate- Why do you think increasing
education opportunities changed rural
populations?
Conflicts over Values
• Americans lived in larger communities, which produced a shift in values,
or a person’s key beliefs and ideas.
• In the 1920s, many people in urban areas had values that differed from
those in rural areas.
– Rural America represented the traditional spirit of hard work, selfreliance, religion, and independence.
– Cities represented changes that threatened those values.
• The Ku Klux Klan grew dramatically in the 1920s, and many of its
members were people from rural America who saw their status declining.
– Members of the Klan continued to use violence, targeting African
Americans, Catholics, Jews, and all immigrants.
– In the 1920s, the Klan focused on influencing politics.
– The Klan’s membership was mostly in the South but spread
nationwide.
– The Klan’s peak membership was in the millions, many from Indiana,
Illinois, and Ohio.
– Membership declined in the late 1920s because of a series of scandals
affecting Klan leaders.
KKK and the Immigration Restriction
• The name was
constructed by
combining the Greek
"kuklos" (circle) with
"clan." It was at first a
humorous social club
centering on practical
jokes and hazing rituals
but soon spread into
nearly every Southern
state, launching a "reign
of terror" against
Republican leaders both
black and white.
KKK and the Immigration Restriction
•
The second Ku Klux Klan (KKK) sought to reverse the
changes in gender and sexual norms.
•
The KKK worked to elevate white Protestant men and
women while blaming the demise of America's moral
standards on Catholics, Jews, and people of color. "pure
Americanism."
•
As a result of pressure from western states and nativist
organizations, the federal government enacted laws that
specifically targeted Asian immigrants, such as the
Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 and the "Gentlemen's
Agreement" with Japan in 1907. Literacy Tests.
Immigration Act of 1924 (Quotas)
•
KKK hatred of Blacks, Jews, Catholics, Flappers and
Immigrants. It established one of the largest social
movements of the 20th century, enrolling nearly five
million of ordinary, "respectable," middle-class
Americans
The Rise of Fundamentalism
Billy Sunday
• Changing times caused
uncertainty, turning many to
religion for answers.
• One key religious figure of the
time was former ballplayer and
ordained minister Billy Sunday.
• Sunday condemned radicals and
criticized the changing attitudes
of women, reflecting much of
white, rural America’s ideals.
• Sunday’s Christian beliefs were
based on a literal translation of
the Bible called
fundamentalism.
Aimee Semple McPherson
• Another leading fundamentalist
preacher of the time
• Seemed to embrace the kind of
glamour that other
fundamentalists warned about
• Her religion, however, was
purely fundamentalist.
• She was especially well known
for healing the sick through
prayer.
The Scopes Trial
•
Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution holds that inherited characteristics of a
population change over generations, which sometimes results in the rise of a new
species.
– According to Darwin, the human species may have evolved from an ape-like
species that lived long ago.
– Fundamentalists think this theory is against the biblical account of how God
created humans and that teaching evolution undermine religious faith.
•
Fundamentalists worked to pass laws preventing evolution being taught in schools,
and several states did, including Tennessee in 1925.
•
One group in Tennessee persuaded a young science teacher named John Scopes to
violate the law, get arrested, and go to trial.
•
Scopes was represented by Clarence Darrow, and William Jennings Bryan,
three-time candidate for president, represented the prosecution.
•
John Scopes was obviously guilty, but the trial was about larger issues.
•
Scopes was convicted and fined $100, but Darrow never got a chance to appeal
because the conviction was overturned due to a technical violation by the judge.
•
The Tennessee law remained in place until the 1960s.
Scopes Monkey Trial: Teaching Creationism or Evolution in School (02:56)
Scopes Trial
•
THE CAST:
•
Clarence Darrow,famed and brilliant lawyer specializing in defending
underdogs, who volunteered for this case to help combat fundamentalist
ignorance
•
John T. Scopes, a 24-year old science teacher and football coach
v.s.
•
William Jennings Bryan, famed orator, fundamentalist and presidential
candidate.
•
The world's attention was riveted on Dayton, Tennessee,
during July, 1925. At issue was the constitutionality of the "Butler
Law," which prohibited the teaching of evolution in the classroom.
Oklahoma, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina and Kentucky already
had such laws.
•
The ACLU hoped to use the Scopes case to test (and
defeat)Fundamentalist meddling in politics.
Judge John Raulston began the trial by reading the first 27 verses of
Genesis.
•
Clarence Darrow said: "Science gets to the end of its knowledge and, in
effect, says, 'I do not know what I do not know,' and keeps on searching.
Religion gets to the end of its knowledge, and in effect, says, 'I know
what I do not know,' and stops searching.
Darrow
Bryan
Conflicts Over Values
• In what ways did the 1920’s
reveal a national conflict over
basic values?
• Describe- What were the traditional
values of rural America?
• Evaluate- Why do you think the KKK
began targeting recent immigrants in
addition to African Americans?
Conflicts Over Values
• Recall- What was the issue at the
heart of the Scopes Trial?
• Explain- Why did fundamentalists
want to ban teaching evolution in
schools?
• Develop- Why do you think Clarence
Darrow was arguing about freedom
of speech in the Scopes case?
Prohibition
•
Throughout U.S. history, groups like the Woman’s Christian
Temperance Union worked to outlaw alcohol, but the drive
strengthened in the early 1900s, as Progressives joined the effort.
•
Over the years, a number of states passed anti-alcohol laws, and
World War I helped the cause when grain and grapes, which most
alcohol is made from, needed to feed troops.
•
The fight against alcohol also used bias against immigrants to fuel
their cause by portraying immigrant groups as alcoholics.
•
Protestant religious groups and fundamentalists also favored a
liquor ban because they thought alcohol contributed to society’s
evils and sins, especially in cities.
•
By 1917 more than half the states had passed a law restricting alcohol.
The Eighteenth Amendment banning alcohol was proposed in 1917 and
ratified in 1919. The Volstead Act enforced the amendment.
Prohibition in Practice
•
Enforcing the new Prohibition law proved to be virtually
impossible, as making, transporting, and selling alcohol was
illegal, but drinking it was not.
•
Prohibition gave rise to huge smuggling operations, as alcohol
slipped into the country through states like Michigan on the
Canadian border.
•
Newspapers followed the hunt for bootleggers, or liquor
smugglers, but government officials estimated that in 1925 they
caught only 5 percent of all the illegal liquor entering the country.
•
Many people also made their own liquor using homemade
equipment, and others got alcohol from doctors, who could
prescribe it as medicine.
•
The illegal liquor business was the foundation of great criminal
empires, like Chicago gangster Al Capone’s crew, who smashed
competition, then frightened and bribed police and officials.
•
3,000 Prohibition agents nationwide worked to shut down
speakeasies, or illegal bars, and to capture illegal liquor and
stop gangsters.
•
Millions of Americans violated the laws, but it would be many
years before Prohibition came to an end.
Prohibition
•
Prohibition in the United States was a
measure designed to reduce drinking by
eliminating the businesses that
manufactured, distributed, and sold
alcoholic beverages.
•
The Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution took away license to do
business from the brewers, distillers,
vintners, and the wholesale and retail
sellers of alcoholic beverages.
•
The leaders of the prohibition movement
were alarmed at the drinking behavior of
Americans, and they were concerned that
there was a culture of drink among some
sectors of the population that, with
continuing immigration from Europe, was
spreading. Anti Saloon League, Scientific
Temperance Federation, World League
Against Alcoholism, and Women’s
Christian Temperance Union.
Prohibition
•
•
•
•
•
•
Speakeasies were actually illegal
"nightclubs." They were created during
the 20's when prohibition was lurking
about and alcohol was ruled illegal.
They were usually opened late at night and
served a playing field for the rebels that
wanted to dance the night away and drink
alcohol.
They would usually have code words for
people to get into and would be run by the
local cop on the street.
The Cotton Club in Harlem, New York
was the most famous of these speakeasies.
They were a place where the prosperous
could party, local cops could make a little
extra cash.
In the speakeasies, discrimination was a
problem.
Prohibition - Problems
åAlcohol became more dangerous to
consume; crime increased and became
"organized"; the court and prison
systems were stretched to the breaking
point; and corruption of public officials
was rampant.
St. Valentines Day Massacre
åNo measurable gains were made in
productivity or reduced absenteeism.
åProhibition removed a significant source
of tax revenue and greatly increased
government spending.
åIt led many drinkers to switch to opium,
marijuana, patent medicines, cocaine,
and other dangerous substances that they
would have been unlikely to encounter in
the absence of Prohibition.
Eliot Ness
Prohibition (01:59)
The Rise of Prohibition -4:31
Changing the Shape of American Organized Crime: Al Capone
and Prohibition (04:52)
Capone Begins Long Jail Term (00:47)
•
Bonnie and Clyde
Clyde Champion Barrow and his companion, Bonnie
Parker, were shot to death by officers in an ambush near
Sailes, Bienville Parish, Louisiana, on May 23, 1934, after
one of the most colorful and spectacular manhunts the
Nation had seen up to that time.
•
Barrow was suspected of numerous killings and was
wanted for murder, robbery, and state charges of
kidnapping.
•
At the time they were killed in 1934, they were believed to
have committed 13 murders and several robberies and
burglaries. Barrow, for example, was suspected of
murdering two police officers at Joplin, Missouri, and
kidnaping a man and a woman in rural Louisiana.
•
Numerous sightings followed, linking this pair with bank
robberies and automobile thefts. Clyde allegedly murdered
a man at Hillsboro, Texas; committed robberies at Lufkin
and Dallas, Texas; murdered one sheriff and wounded
another at Stringtown, Oklahoma; kidnaped a deputy at
Carlsbad, New Mexico; stole an automobile at Victoria,
Texas; attempted to murder a deputy at Wharton, Texas;
committed murder and robbery at Abilene and Sherman,
Texas; committed murder at Dallas, Texas; abducted a
sheriff and the chief of police at Wellington, Texas; and
committed murder at Joplin and Columbia, Missouri.
Some day they will go down together,
And they will bury them side by side,
To a few it means grief,
To the law it's relief,
But it's death to Bonnie and Clyde.
Prohibition
• What was Prohibition and how did it
effect the nation?
• Recall- What did the 18th Amendment
and the Volstead Act do?
• Summarize- What were the main
arguments in favor of Prohibition?
• Make Judgments- Do you think that the
government should regulate what people
are allowed to eat and drink?
Prohibition
• Recall- How did American’s obtain alcohol
during Prohibition
• Identify Cause and Effect- How did the
passage of the 18th Amendment and the
Volstead Act lead to the rise of organized
crime.
• Make Judgments- Why do you think law
enforcement officials were unsuccessful in
enforcing the Volstead Act?