Transcript Global History II Review

Unit 1
Ancient World:
Civilizations and Religions
4,000 B.C.- A.D.500
Global History II Review
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Early Peoples and River
Civilizations
• Early Peoples
– Hunters and Gatherers
• People who moved place to place in search of food
• Neolithic Revolution
– Development of Agriculture
• Planted crops and domestication of animals
• Settlement in villages
– New Technology
• Calendars, plows, wheel, metal weapons/ tools
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Early Peoples and River
Civilizations
• The Rise of Civilization
– First civilizations developed in river valleys
– Characteristics
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Cities
Central Governments
Traditional Economy
Organized Religion
Social class system
Art and Architecture
Transportation systems
System of writing
Specialized workers
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Early Peoples and River
Civilizations
• Egypt
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Nile River valley
Polytheistic religion (belief in many gods)
Process of mummification
Medical advancements
• Mesopotamia (Iraq)
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Fertile Crescent (Tigris and Euphrates Rivers)
Polytheistic religion
Cuneiform- wedge-shaped form of writing
Code of Hammurabi- system of laws (eye for an eye)
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Early Peoples and River
Civilizations
• Indus River Valley (India)
– Monsoons
• Winds bring heavy rain to the region
– Planned cities
• Plumbing with baths and sewers
• China
– Yellow and Yangtze Rivers
– Middle Kingdom- “Center of the Earth”
– Dynasty- Ruling families
• Migration
– Bantu Migration- movement of people across Africa
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Classical Civilizations
• China (1027 B.C. - A.D. 220)
– Mandate of Heaven- divine right to rule
– Dynastic Cycle
• Dynasties lose their mandate and are replaced
– Contributions
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Astronomy
Silk
The Great Wall of China
Civil Service Examinations
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Classical Civilizations
• Greece (1750 B.C.- 133 B.C.)
– Mountains and islands gave rise to city-states
– Polis is city and surrounding area
(Government)
– Philosophers (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle)
– Sparta / Athens
• Military state / Education and Democracy
– Alexander the Great
• Hellenistic Culture (Blend of Indian, Persian,
Greek, and Egyptian)
• Achievements in Philosophy, Literature, Art,
Architecture, Science and Mathematics
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Classical Civilizations
• Rome (509 B.C. – A.D. 476)
– Located on a peninsula in the Mediterranean
– Republic form of government (Senate)
– Roman Empire conquered much of the
Mediterranean region
– Contributions:
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System of Law (Twelve Tables)
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Dome
Aqueducts
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Classical Civilizations
• India (1500 B.C. – 185 B.C.)
– Mauryan Empire
• Organized government bureaucracy
• Asoka- Religious toleration
• Trade Routes
– Mediterranean trade expanded
– India traded goods with Rome
– Silk Road- trade from China to Rome
– Pax Romana (Roman Peace- trade)
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Rise and Fall of Empires
• Han Empire
– Strong government and profitable trade
– Civil Service System
– Development of Silk Road
– Fell due to economic, political, and military
problems
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Rise and Fall of Empires
• Roman Empire
– Strong military power
– Strong Emperors stabilized government
– Economic expansion and trade
– Fell due to outside and internal problems
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Belief Systems
• Animism (Africa)
– Belief spirits are found in nature
– Every living and nonliving thing has a spirit
– Similar to Shinto (Shintoism) from Japan
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Belief Systems
• Hinduism (India)
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Brahman is the universal spirit
Reincarnation is rebirth of the soul
Karma and Dharma are duties in life
Caste System places people in society
• Buddhism (India and China)
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Founded by Buddha
Four Noble Truths is overcoming desires
Eightfold Path involves Nirvana (salvation)
Like Hinduism: Reincarnation, karma, & dharma
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Belief Systems
• Confucianism (China)
– Based on teachings of Confucius
– Relationships between superior and inferior
– Duties in life depend on relationship
• Taoism (China)
– Sought harmony with nature
– Balance between the yin and yang
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Belief Systems
• Judaism (Middle East)
– Monotheistic religion founded by Abraham
– Hebrews believe they are God’s chosen
people
– Ten Commandments provided moral laws
– Strong influence on Christianity and Islam
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Belief Systems
• Christianity (Middle East)
– Christians believe Jesus is the Messiah
(savior)
– Jesus was seen as a threat and was crucified
– Teachings are similar to Judaism (Ten Com.)
– Christians believe salvation comes through
following Jesus’ teachings
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Belief Systems
• Islam (Middle East)
– Founded by Muhammad in 622
– Hijra was Muhammad’s journey to Mecca
– Muslims are followers of Islam (Monotheistic)
– Five Pillars of Islam
• Faith in one God, daily prayer, almsgiving, fasting,
and pilgrimage to Mecca
– Sharia: Islamic laws guiding aspects of life
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