Transcript Review Ancient World

Review Ancient World
Vocabulary
• 1. Cultural Diffusion: Exchange of goods,
customs and ideas among cultures.
• 2. Neolithic Revolution: Changing in the
way man got food. From hunting and
gathering to domesticating of animals.
• 3. Polytheistic: Belief in many gods.
Early People: Paleolithic Era
How did they gather food?
• Moved from place to place, hunting and
gathering (nomads)
How did they adapt to their
environment?
• Made simple tools and weapons. Used fire
for warmth and cooking.
• Developed language.
What were their spiritual beliefs?
• Began burying their dead with care.
• Showed they believed in the afterlife.
Describe the patterns of migration.
• Belief that earliest people lived in East
Africa.
• Old Stone Age, people migrated North and
South into Europe and Asia.
• Eventually some migrated over the land
bridge into North America.
Causes of the Neolithic Revolution:
• 1. Warm weather allowed plants to grow
where ice was.
• 2. Learning how to domesticate plants and
animals.
How did the Neolithic Revolution
change lives?
• Lived in permanent settlements as they no
longer had to move from place to place.
Characteristics of Early
Civilizations
Cities and Government
• Cities developed in river valleys where
crops can be grown.
• Governments set up to avoid chaos,
making sure food was produced for
everyone.
Traditional Economy
• Based on farming.
• Skilled craftspeople.
System of writing
• Early writing was done with pictures
(simple drawings).
Job Specialization and Social
Classes
• People specialized in 1 job because you
couldn’t master all of them.
• People became ranked by their job.
Art and Architecture
• Temples and Palaces.
Early River Valley Civilizations
Egypt:
• Geographic Setting:
– Along the Nile River.
• Religion:
– Polytheistic (many Gods).
• Government:
– Pharaoh was ruler. Usually passed on to a
family member.
– Ruling families were called dynasties.
• Social Structure:
– Pharaoh and family highest.
– Bottom was peasant farmers and slaves.
– Women had higher status than most in
ancient times.
• Contributions:
– Learned about human body.
– Diagnose illnesses and performed surgery.
– Calendar.
– System of writing.
– Temples and Pyramids.
Mesopotamia
• Geographic Setting:
– Fertile Crescent by Tigris and Euphrates.
• Religion:
– Many powerful Gods and Goddesses closely
tied to nature.
• Government:
– Hereditary ruler who was seen as the chief
servant of Gods.
• Social Structure:
– Distinct social classes.
– Highest was the ruling classes.
Economy
• Grew rich from trade.
• Traders traveled along the river and over
the desert.
Contributions
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1st wheeled vehicle.
Irrigation systems.
Cuneiform.
Developed algebra and geometry.
Significance of Code of
Hammurabi:
• 1st major collection of laws in history.
• Favored higher classes.
• Eye for an eye
Indus River Valley
• Geography:
– Indian Subcontinent.
– Surrounded in north by mountains, limiting
contact.
– Relied on monsoons to bring rain.
Important Cities
• Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
• Built with a grid like system with each city
dominated by a structure on a hill.
China
• Geographic Setting:
– River Valleys of the Huang He (Yellow) and
Yangzi)
Government
• Clans controlled land.
• Set up dynasties.
Contributions
• Written systems (pictographs)
Classical Civilizations
Mandate of Heaven
• Right to rule by God. China and their
dynasties.
Asoka
• Peaceful ruler of the Maurya dynasty.
(India)
Direct Democracy
• People actually vote directly for laws.
Hellenistic
• Blending of cultures of Persia, Greece,
India and Egypt.
Republic
• Officials chosen by the people to represent
them and make decisions.
Senate
• Most powerful governing body of the
Roman Republic.
Patrician
• Members of landholding upper class in
Rome.
Plebian
• Most of the population in Rome (farmers,
merchants, artisans, traders).
Pax Romana
• 200 year period of peace in Rome.
Laws of 12 tables
• Written laws demanded by Plebeians in
Rome.
Silk Road
• Trade route connecting China and
Mesopotamia.
Ancient Chinese Civilizations
How does a dynasty lose its
Mandate of Heaven?
• When things start happening or the
government starts doing things that make
people angry.
• Examples include when they treat people
unfairly, and they stop protecting people,
so things like floods, earthquakes, peasant
revolts happen.
Contributions of China
• Zhou dynasty:
– how to make books, silk, accurate calendar.
– Han Dynasty:
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Paper out of wood pulp.
Wheelbarrow.
Rudder.
Anesthesia.
Texts in zoology, botany and chemistry.
Who was Asoka? Why is he
important?
• He followed Buddhism, turning India to
Buddhism when he was leader.
• He united the diverse people of the
empire.
Contributions of the Mauryan
Empire
• United the Empire.
• Learning was highly advanced.
• Spreading of the Buddhist religion by
means of missionary activity.
Describe the geography role in
economics and politics in Greece.
• Politically: Separated them into city-states
rather than a large empire because of the
mountains, valleys and islands.
• Economically: Used seas to
trade/communicate with the rest of the
world.
Compare and Contrast Sparta and
Athens:
• Athens: Limited Democracy, Laws made by the
assembly, only male citizens in the assembly,
Trade with other city-states, education for boys,
Women inferior.
• Sparta: Monarchy with two kings, military
society, trade and travel not allowed, military
training for all boys, girls trained to be mothers of
soldiers, women obey men, women own
property.
• Both: Common language, shared heroes,
Olympic games, same gods and religious
beliefs.
What effect did Alexander the Greats
conquests have on the world?
• Created the Hellenistic culture. (4 cultures)
Greek and Hellenistic Contributions
• Philosophy: Tried to use observation and
reason.
• Literature: Comedies and playwrights.
• Art and Architecture: Columns.
• Science: Levers and pulleys, earth rotates
around the sun.
• Math: Pythagoras Theorem, Geometry.
How does Greek Civilization affect
us today?
• Math
• Democracy.
• Columns.
How did the geography of Rome contribute
to its development as a power?
• It had low mountains which allowed people
to unite because they had few natural
barriers.
• Fertile plains allowed for the growing
population to be fed.
• The location of the growing peninsula
allowed people to move easily through the
lands of the Mediterranean.
The Roman Empire
• Military Power:
– Strong and well disciplined army.
• Economy:
– Controlled trade routed through
Mediterranean.
Fall of Roman Empire
• Political:
– Too big.
– Government too strict.
– Corruption of officials.
• Economic Causes:
– High Taxes.
– Farmers leave land.
– Middle class disappears.
– Too much slave labor.
• Military Causes:
– Foreign Invasion.
– Lack of training and discipline in army.
– Hired foreign soldiers who didn’t have
incentive.
• Social Causes:
– Population declines.
– People become lazy and selfish.
Belief Systems
Animism
• Belief everything has a spirit.
Brahman
• Belief of Hindus looking for 1 unifying
spirit.
Reincarnation
• Rebirth of the soul in a new body.
Karma
• All the deeds of a persons life that affect
his/her existence in new life.
Dharma
• Moral and religious duties expected of a
person.
Nirvana
• Union with universe and release of the
cycle of birth and death.
Monotheism
• Belief in 1 God.
Torah
• Jewish holy book.
Bible
• Christian Holy book.
Hijra
• Mohammad’s journey to Mecca.
Quran (Koran)
• Islamic holy book.
Sharia
• Following the Koran very strictly by
Muslims.
Diaspora
• Scattering of Jews.
Describe the process by which a
Hindu reaches “salvation”.
People are born into higher levels because
they do good.
Explain how the caste system is an important part
of the Hindu religious experience.
• You are born into and out of but don’t
move during your life.
• If you do good, you will move up.
Buddhism
• Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
• All life is suffering.
• Four Noble truths:
– All life is suffering.
– Suffering is caused by desire.
– Ways to eliminate suffering is eliminated
desire.
– Follow 8 fold path to eliminate desire.
How does one achieve salvation?
• Reach nirvana.
Confucianism
• People need to accept their place in society.
• These places were expressed in 5 key
relationships.
• None of the relationships are equal.
• Every person had duties and responsibilities that
depended on his position.
• To ensure social order, the individual must find
and accept his proper place in society.
Taoism
• Goal: Live in harmony with nature.
• Salvation: By yielding and acceptance.
• Yin and Yang: Brings peace and wellbeing of the universe.
– Yin stands for earth, darkness and female
forces.
– Yang stands for heaven, light and male
forces.
Judaism
• Important aspect of Judaism:
– 1 God.
– Torah.
– 10 Commandments (moral code)
– Strong code of Ethics.
Islam
• Founder: Mohammad.
• Sacred Text: Quran
• 5 Pillars:
– 1 God, Allah.
– Pray 5 x’s a day.
– Give money to poor.
– Fast from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.
– Visit Mecca 1 time in life.