PENGANTAR EKONOMI

Screen graphics created by

H. Mustika Lukman Arief, SE.,MBA.,MM.

I

N

TRODUCTION OF

E

CONOMICS

NEED UNLIMITED RESOURCES LIMITED

WHAT IS ECONOMICS ?

• Economics is the study of the ways that individual and societies allocate their limited resources to try to satisfy their unlimited needs

•KEY WORD : – NEED UNLIMITED – RESOURCES LIMITED

Outline

• • • • • • •

Introducing Mikro Ekonomi Permintaan & Penawaran Elastisitas Permintaan & Penawaran Teori Tingkah Laku Konsumen Teori Biaya Produksi Pasar Persaingan Sempurna Pasar Persaingan Tidak Sempurna

• • • • • • •

Introducing Makro Ekonomi

.

Pendapatan Nasional Keseimbangan Aggregate Dua Sektor Keseimbangan Aggregate Tiga Sektor Keseimbangan Aggregate Empat Sektor

•

Teori Penawaran Uang, Kurs dan Moneter Neraca Pembayaran & Perdagangan Pertumbuhan & Pembangunan Ekonomi

Reference

•Economics

; Book 1 & 2; PA. Samuelson

•Mikro Ekonomi

; Teori Pengantar; Sadono Sukirno; Edisi ketiga; 2005

•Makro Ekonomi

; Teori Pengantar; Sadono Sukirno; Edisi ketiga; 2005

NEEDS: UNLIMITED

1. INFLATION 2. UNEMPLOYMENT 3. UNEQUALITY - FUNCTIONAL & - REGIONAL - INDIVIDUAL 4. POVERTY 5. Balance of Payment

ECONOMICS GAP ECONOMICS PROBLEMS

1. WHAT’S 2. HOW 3. WHEN 4. FOR WHOM

CHOICES OPPORTUNITY COST RESOURCES: LIMITED 1. NR 2. HR 3. CR 4. E GOODS & SERVICES

GAP

•RESOURCES LIMITED :

–NR, HR, CR & Entrepreneur –GOODS & SERVICES –CHOICES –OPPORTUNITY COST

ECONOMICS PROBLEM

• INFLATION • UN-EMPLOYMENT • UN-EQUALITY : functional & size, regional, individual • POVERTY

TYPES OF ECONOMICS SYSTEM • TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC SYSTEM

• A system in which the question what, how, for whom and when are answered in the same way from generation to generation

SYSTEM

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• A system in which the question what, how, for whom and when are answered by a central authority

• MARKET SYSTEM

• A system in which the question what, how, for whom and when are answered through independent decision of the people. This often used interchange able with capitalism

• An economics system in which there are elements of tradition, command and the market

ACTORS OF ECONOMY •HOUSEHOLD

–Suppliers of input factor –Demander of goods and services –Payer taxes

•FIRMS

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• Suppliers of goods and services • Demander of input factor • Payer of Taxes

.

• To protect private property • To regulate money • To produce public goods and services • To assess social cost • To regulate and maintain competition • To promote economic growth and stability • To fight poverty • To eliminate discrimination • To receive of taxes • To send of subsidy

MICRO VS MACRO

•MICROECONOMICS

• Efficiency of Resources • Maximum Satisfaction

•MACROECONOMICS

• Government Regulation • Demand and Supply Aggregate Activity

MACROECONOMICS ISSUES

• HIGH PERFORMANCE GROWTH AND STABILITY • IMPROVEMENT ECONOMIC • PRICE STABILITY • UN-EMPLOYMENT / POVERTY REDUCTION

INFLUENCES OF MACRO ACTIVITY

• PRIVATE CONSUMPTION • INVESTMENT • GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE • NET EXPORT ( EXPORT – IMPORT )

MACROECONOMIC PROBLEM

• ECONOMIC GROWTH • UNSTABLE OF ECO ACTIVITY • UNEMPLOYMENT AND INFLATION • TRADE AND BALANCE OF PAYMENT

MACROECONOMIC POLICY • FISCAL POLICY

– Government expenditures and Taxation

• MONETARY POLICY

– Control of the money supply by the federal reserve system

• SUPPLY SIDE POLICY

– Ad Hoc policies to address specific problems

GOAL OF MACROECONOMIC

• RAPID GROWTH • PRICE STABILITY • INCOME EQUALITY • FULL EMPLOYMENT • BALANCE OF PAYMENTS EQUILIBRIUM • EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME

RAPID GROWTH

• SHIFT PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES CURVE AT RATE SUCH THAT JOBS ARE CREATED AT SAME RATE AS GROWTH IN LABOR FORCE

PRICE STABILITY

• SHIFT AGGREGATE SUPPLY (AS) AND AGGREGATE DEMAND (AD) CURVE AT SAME RATE

INCOME EQUALITY

• REDUCES PURCHASING POWER OF INCOME • TRANSFER PURCHASING POWER FROM FIXED INCOME RECIPIENTS • DISTORTS INCENTIVES AND DECISION MAKING

FULL EMPLOYMENT

• AUTOMATIC STABILIZATION EXPENDITURE THAT RISE WHEN UNEMPLOYMENT INCREASES AND FALL WHEN UNEMPLOYMENT FALLS • UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT • WELFARE PAYMENTS • INCOME, SALES, AND EXCISE TAXES

BALANCE OF PAYMENT

• BUDGET ENFORCEMENT • Caps discretionary spending • Creates PAYGO system  PAYGO= applies only to NEW LEGISLATION and Amendments to former legislation • Created Three Categories of Spending – Net Interest on Debt – Discreationary Spending – Mandatory or Direct Spending