Transcript Chapter 13
Chapter 14 The World of Psychology Wood and Wood Health and Stress http://www.stresstips.com/ TWO APPROACHES TO HEALTH AND ILLNESS biomedical model: A perspective that focuses on illness rather than on health, explaining illness in terms of biological factors without regard to psychological and social factors. biopsychosocial model: A perspective that focuses on health as well as illness and holds that both are determined by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. health psychology: The field concerned with the psychological factors that contribute to health, illness, and recovery. Personal Communication One of the MDs I’ve worked with made the following observation: When my father was in medical school, he was taught that the cause of illness & death was infection. When I was in medical school, I was taught the cause of illness & death was chronic illness. In 30 years of medical practice, I have come to believe that dad was right. The cause of illness & death is infection. What is health psychology? The field within psychology devoted to understanding psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they do get ill” Health psychologists study psychological factors associated with health and illness, and they promote interventions that foster good health and aid recovery from illness. How would you define stress? Is stress something in the environment? a physiological or psychological reaction that occurs within a person? something we should avoid at all costs? Different ways to View Stress Researchers either emphasize the physiological effects of stress focus on the role that thinking plays in stress Life Stress Test Dr. Tim Lowenstein Conscious Living Foundation, P.O. Box 9, Drain, OR 97435 In the past 12 months, which of the following major life events have taken place in your life? 1. Write down the score for each event. 2. Total up your score for each page. 3. Add up the points for each page. 4. Wait until everyone finishes. 5. We will make a distribution of scores http://www.cliving.org/lifstrstst.htm Page 1 _____ Death of Spouse 100 _____ Divorce 73 _____ Marital Separation 65 _____ Jail Term 63 _____ Death of close family member 63 _____ Personal injury or illness 53 _____ Marriage 50 _____ Fired from work 47 _____ Marital reconciliation 45 _____ Retirement 45 _____ Change in family member's health 44 _____ Pregnancy 40 _____ Sex difficulties 39 _____ Addition to family 39 _____ Business readjustment 39 ______ Page 1 Scor Page 2 ______ Page 2 Score _____ Change in financial status 38 _____ Death of close friend 37 _____ Change to a different line of work 36 _____ Change in number of marital arguments 35 _____ Mortgage or loan over $10,000 31 _____ Foreclosure of mortgage or loan 30 _____ Change in work responsibilities 29 _____ Trouble with in-laws 29 _____ Outstanding personal achievement 28 _____ Spouse begins or stops work 26 _____ Starting or finishing school 26 _____ Change in living conditions 25 _____ Revision of personal habits 24 _____ Trouble with boss 23 Page 3 ______ Page 3 Score _____ Change in work hours, conditions 20 ______ Page 1 Score _____ Change in residence 20 ______ Page 2 Score _____ Change in schools 20 ______ Page 3 Score _____ Change in recreational habits 19 ______ Your Total Score _____ Change in church activities 19 304 My score _____ Change in social activities 18 _____ Mortgage or loan under $10,000 17 _____ Change in sleeping habits 16 _____ Change in number of family gatherings 15 _____ Change in eating habits 15 _____ Vacation 13 _____ Christmas season 12 _____ Minor violations of the law 11 LIFE STRESS SCORES 0-149 Low susceptibility to stress-related illness Keep on keepin’ on! 150-299 Medium susceptibility to stress-related illness. Learn and practice relaxation and stress management skills and a healthy well life style. 300 & up High susceptibility to stress-related illness Daily practice of relaxation skills is very important for your wellness. Take care of it now before a serious illness erupts or an affliction becomes worse. The Definition of Stress Stress is: the physiological and psychological response to a condition that threatens or challenges the individual and requires some form of adaptation or adjustment. Fight or Flight? An early, classic contribution to stress research was made by Walter Cannon (1932), who described the fight-or-flight response. When an organism perceives a threat, the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine glands prepare the body to fight the threat or flee from it. This fight-or-flight response helps the organism respond rapidly to threats. However, it is potentially harmful if an organism can't fight or flee experiences prolonged stress and continuing physical arousal. Hans Selye (1907–1982) Researcher most prominently associated with the effects of stress on health Established the field of stress research. Wrote several books including: The Stress of Life Stress: Sources, Management And Prevention Stress without Distress For a completely negative view of his research see: http://earthsave.bc.ca/animalvoices/selye.htm General Adaption Syndrome Alarm Resistance Exhaustion General Adaption Syndrome Alarm The first stage of the general adaptation syndrome, when there is emotional arousal and the defensive forces of the body are prepared for fight or flight. Resistance Exhaustion General Adaption Syndrome Alarm Resistance The second stage of the general adaptation syndrome, when there are intense physiological efforts to either resist or adapt to the stressor. Exhaustion General Adaption Syndrome Alarm Resistance Exhaustion The final stage of the general adaptation syndrome, occurring if the organism fails in its efforts to resist the stressor. GAS diagram Criticisms of Selye’s Theory: Identified Issues Thanks to Selye, the connection between extreme, prolonged stress and certain diseases is now widely accepted by medical experts Critics say Selye’s model was primarily formulated from research on laboratory rats. Individual variation in rats stressors response is much less than individual variation in human stress responses. Criticisms of Selye’s Theory: A Missing Cognitive Factor The major criticism: Selye’s claim that the intensity of the stressor determines the physical reaction to it. His theory does not provide for a psychological component—how a person perceives and evaluates a stressor. This criticism led to the development of the cognitive theory of stress. Lazarus’s Cognitive Theory of Stress In responding to the criticism of Selye’s theory, Lazarus contends that it is not the stressor itself that causes stress, but a person’s perception of the stressor. Lazarus’s Cognitive Theory of Stress Causal Agent Stressor Evaluated Mind or Body uses coping process Stress reaction Lazarus’s Cognitive Theory of Stress Causal Agent Can be either external or internal. Is commonly referred to as stress or the stressor. Stressor Evaluated Mind or Body uses coping process Stress reaction Lazarus’s Cognitive Theory of Stress Causal Agent Stressor Evaluated the mind or the body evaluates the stressor as either threatening or benign. Mind or Body uses coping process Stress reaction Lazarus’s Cognitive Theory of Stress Causal Agent Stressor Evaluated Mind or Body uses coping process to deal with the stressor. Stress reaction Lazarus’s Cognitive Theory of Stress Causal Agent Stressor Evaluated Mind or Body uses coping process Stress reaction the “complex pattern of effects on mind and body” Lazarus Vs. Selye Lazarus Physiological & psychological stress must be analyzed differently Focus on how people cope with psychological stressors Selye’s Focus on how the body copes with physiological stress Lazarus and Folkman’s Psychological Model of Stress Lazarus and Folkman emphasize the importance of a person’s perceptions and appraisal of stressors. The stress response depends on the outcome of the primary and secondary appraisals, whether the person’s coping resources are adequate to cope with the threat, and how severely the resources are taxed in the process. Primary Appraisal Secondary Appraisal Stress Response Lazarus and Folkman’s Psychological Model of Stress There is research support for Lazarus and Folkman’s claim that the physiological, emotional, and behavioral reactions to stressors depend partly on whether the stressors are appraised as challenging or threatening. Tomaka and others (1993) found: Active coping with stressors appraised as challenging was associated with increased heart rate, better performance, and positive emotions. Active coping with stressors appraised as threatening was related to increased blood pressure, poorer performance, and negative emotional tone. Lazarus and Folkman’s Psychological Model of Stress Primary Appraisal Secondary Appraisal Stress Response Lazarus and Folkman’s Psychological Model of Stress Primary Appraisal an evaluation of meaning & significance of a situation whether its effect on one’s well-being is positive, irrelevant, harm or loss - damage that has already occurred threat, or challenge —the potential for harm or loss challenge—the opportunity to grow or to gain. can occur in relation to anything important to you a friendship, a part of your body, your property, your finances, or your self-esteem. Secondary Appraisal Stress Response Lazarus and Folkman’s Psychological Model of Stress Primary Appraisal Secondary Appraisal An evaluation of one’s coping resources prior to deciding how to deal with a stressful event. if they judge the situation to be within their control they make an evaluation of available coping resources— • • • • • physical (health, energy, stamina) social (support network) psychological (skills, morale, self-esteem) material (money, tools, equipment) time. Then they consider the options and decide how to deal with the stressor. The level of stress they feel is largely a function of Lazarus and Folkman’s Psychological Model of Stress Primary Appraisal Secondary Appraisal Stress Response Sources of Stress Everyday Sources Choices Unpredictability and Lack of Control The Stress of Being Different Stress in the Workplace Catastrophic Events and Chronic Intense Stress Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PSD) Variables in Work Stress Coping With Stress Problem-focused coping Emotion-focused coping Proactive Coping Lazarus and Folkman’s Psychological Model of Stress Responding to Illness The Sick Role Reorganizing and Interpreting Symptoms Seek Treatment Compliance and Medical Treatment Health and Disease Coronary Heart Disease Type A and Type B Patterns Cancer Immune System T Cells and B Cells Personal Factors in Reducing Stress Optimism and Pessimism Psychological Hardiness Social Support Your Lifestyle and Stress Smoking Alcohol Exercise