Transcript Byzantines, Russians, and Turks

Byzantines, Russians,
and Turks
Unit 2
Chapter 11
I. Rise of Byzantine Empire
A.
B.
Communications cause separation
Justinian succeeds throne
1. Absolute power
2. Justinian Code
Justinian Code
1.
2.
3.
4.
Code: 5,000 Roman Laws
Digest: summarized opinions of Rome’s
greatest legal thinkers
Institutes: textbook that told law students
how to use the laws
Novellae (New Laws): legislation passed
after 534.
II. Justinian
A.
Achievements:
1. Public buildings


Hagia Sophia
Baths, aqueducts, law courts, schools, & hospitals
2. Greco-roman culture
B.
Life in Constantinople
1. “Middle Way”: Mese
2. Hippodrome
3. Nika Rebellion
III. Byzantine Empire Collapses
A.
Multiple setbacks
 Crisis after crisis
B.
C.
Justinian dies (556 A.D.)
Attacks from the East and West;
eventually taken over by the
Ottoman Turks
IV. Christian Church Divides
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Differences in development
Icons banned (by Emperor Leo III
in the East, Theodora restores
them)
Pope orders excommunication of
Leo
Pope and Patriarch excommunicate
each other
Christian Church officially splits
Church Divides (cont’d)
Roman Catholic
(West):
1. Latin
2. Pope most
powerful
3. Officials not
allowed to marry
4. Divorce prohibited
Eastern Orthodox
(East):
1. Greek
2. Patriarch
3. Emperors most
powerful
4. Allowed to marry
5. Divorce allowed
Church Divides (cont’d)
F.
Same beliefs:





Faith based on gospel
Use sacraments
Priests and bishops lead
Seek to convert people
2 successful missionaries (St. Methodius
and St. Cyril; east) invent alphabet:
Cyrillic Alphabet
–
Many Slavic languages, including Russian,
are written in this alphabet
V. Russian Roots
A. Trade increased interactions between
Byzantium and Northern neighbors
(Slavs.) This blend created Russian
culture.
B. Ural Mountains: 1st unified territory
C. King Rurik: Viking chief made king
 Founded Novgorod 862 CE (1st important
city)
VI. Kiev
•
•
•
A city on Dnieper River—
easy access to Constantinople
Slavs and Vikings intermarry;
line b/w Slavs and Vikings disappears
Vladimir (980 CE)
– Brought Christianity to Russia
– Sent out teams to observe
several religions
Kiev (cont’d)
• Yaroslav the Wise:
– 1019; came to power
– Great glory
– Skillfully married off daughters to kings of Western
Europe
– Legal code
– 1st library
– Christianity prospered
– After his death, divided realm among sons; led to
separations and the decline of Kiev
VII. Mongols
A. Genghis Khan
 Destroy Kiev
 Very savage and brutal
 Demand lots of money and
massive obedience (isolated Russia)
B. Alexander Nevsky
– Novgorod’s Prince and military hero;
advised cooperation with Mongols
VIII. Russia’s Independence
A. Moscow founded
1. Volga River
2. Dnieper River
3. Don River
•
w/ control of rivers came control
of Russia
B. Ivan I
1. Gained Mongol favor
2. Moved Patriarch to Moscow (gave
city prestige, and created an ally in
the church)
3. Enlarged territory
Russian Independence (cont’d)
C. Ivan III (czar)
1. Challenged Mongol rule
2. Gained independence from Mongols
•
Bloodless standoff at Ugra River
3. Wanted Russia to be the “Third Rome”
IX. Rise of the Turks
Turks overthrow Abbasids (Muslims)
Seljuk Dynasty takes over; 1055 CE
A.
B.
•
Defeat Byzantium; take over Baghdad
Turks gain Persian support
C.
•
•
Persian served as vizier: prime minister
Malik Shah: most famous Seljuk sultans
•
Beautified Isfahan
X. Seljuk Empire Falls
Malik Shah died 1092; no one capable to
replace him
Pope Urban II launches 1st Crusade:
religious wars between Christians and
Muslims
•
•
•
•
Called Christians to drive out Turks from
Anatolia and recover Jerusalem
1099: Christians captured Jerusalem and
massacred its Jewish and Muslim inhabitants
Crusades (cont’d)

Eventually, Saladin (Muslim) recovered
Jerusalem



Richard I of England signs truce which gave
Jerusalem to Muslims but granted Christians access to
holy places
More crusades called for
Mongols (1200 CE) take Baghdad; huge empire;
manage it poorly; Ottomans take over