Transcript Step Up To: Psychology

Step Up To: Psychology
by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
From Myers,
Psychology 8e
Worth Publishers
Chapter 15: Personality
What’s your sign?
I Think I Can
Culture Shapes
Analyze This!
So, who are you?
Analyze This!
500
400
300
200
100
I think I can.
500
400
300
200
100
What’s your sign?
500
400
300
200
100
Culture Shapes
500
400
300
200
100
So, who are you?
500
400
300
200
100
1. A psychotherapist instructs David to
relax, close his eyes, and state aloud
whatever thoughts come to mind no
matter how trivial or absurd. The
therapist is using a technique known as:
•
•
•
•
A) fixation.
B) free association.
C) reaction formation.
D) projection.
2. According to psychoanalytic theory,
the part of the personality that strives for
immediate gratification of basic drives is
the:
•
•
•
•
A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) collective unconscious.
3. Mrs. Hall was asked by her
psychotherapist to look at some
ambiguous pictures and make up a
story about each. She was likely taking
the:
• A) TAT.
• B) Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator.
• C) MMPI-2.
• D) Rorschach test.
4. Which neo-Freudian theorist
emphasized the influence of the
collective unconscious in personality
development?
•
•
•
•
A) Adler
B) Horney
C) Jung
D) Maslow
5. Parents who disguise hostility toward
their children by becoming overly
protective of them are very likely
using the defense mechanism of:
•
•
•
•
A) projection.
B) regression.
C) rationalization.
D) reaction formation.
6. Carl Rogers suggested that the ____ is
a central feature of personality.
•
•
•
•
A) collective unconscious.
B) self-concept.
C) inferiority complex.
D) Oedipus complex.
7. The humanistic perspective
emphasized the importance of:
•
•
•
•
A) free association.
B) self-determination.
C) personality inventories.
D) projective tests.
8. Humanistic theorists have been
criticized for:
• A) overestimating the impact of childhood
experiences on adult personality.
• B) underestimating the inconsistency of
behavior from one situation to another.
• C) overestimating the degree of similarity
among people.
• D) underestimating the inherent human
capacity for destructive and evil
behaviors.
9. Self-actualized people, as
described by Maslow, are least likely
to be highly:
•
•
•
•
A) compassionate.
B) religious.
C) conforming.
D) self-accepting.
10. In order to assess a client’s
personal growth, Carl Rogers
measured the correspondence
between _____ and _____.
• A) locus of control; self-actualization
• B) ideal self; actual self
• C) the client’s values; the therapist’s
values
• D) self-esteem; locus of control
11. Characteristic patterns of
behavior and motivation are called:
•
•
•
•
A) aptitudes.
B) fixations.
C) projections.
D) traits.
12. Trait theorists are more
concerned with ____ personality
and ____ it.
•
•
•
•
A) predicting; assessing
B) describing; explaining
C) changing; analyzing
D) interpreting; observing
13. Personality inventories
typically gather information by
means of:
•
•
•
•
A) projection.
B) factor analysis.
C) free association.
D) self-reports.
14. Sasha believes that the questions
on college tests are so unrelated to
course work that studying is useless.
Sasha’s belief most clearly illustrates:
• A) reciprocal determinism.
• B) reaction formation.
• C) an external locus of control.
• D) displacement.
15. Which of the following Big Five
trait dimensions is most closely
related to one’s level of creativity?
•
•
•
•
A) extraversion
B) emotional stability
C) openness
D) agreeableness
16. Which perspective on human
personality emphasizes reciprocal
determinism?
•
•
•
•
A) social-cognitive
B) psychoanalytic
C) trait
D) humanistic
17. The perception that one can strongly
influence the outcome and destiny of
one’s own life exemplifies:
•
•
•
•
A) the reality principle.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) the pleasure principle.
D) an internal locus of control.
18. Martin Seligman advocates a
positive psychology, which focuses
on topics such as:
•
•
•
•
A) projection.
B) the Barnum effect.
C) external locus of control.
D) optimism.
19. According to Jennifer Crocker and
Brenda Major (1989), members of
stigmatized groups maintain their selfesteem by:
• A) valuing the things at which they
excel.
• B) attributing problems to prejudice.
• C) comparing themselves to those in
their own group.
• D) all of the above.
20. Jody failed her last history midterm.
Which of the following conclusions
would be most representative of a selfserving bias on Jody’s part?
• A) “ I really didn’t prepare well enough
for that test.”
• B) “I think the test questions were
ambiguous and confusing.”
• C) “I lack ability in history.”
• D) “I wasn’t concentrating very hard
during the test.”
21. Dogs strapped into a harness and
given repeated and unavoidable
shocks develop:
•
•
•
•
A) a fixation.
B) a reaction formation.
C) learned helplessness.
D) unrealistic optimism.
22. Linda was impressed by the palm
reader’s “insight” into her personality.
This illustrates:
• A) unconditional positive
regard.
• B) reciprocal determinism.
• C) attributional style.
• D) the Barnum effect.
23. Randy’s substandard academic
performance is both a result and a cause
of his feelings of academic inferiority.
This best illustrates the importance of:
•
•
•
•
A) reciprocal determinism.
B) the Barnum effect.
C) reaction formation.
D) self-serving bias.
24. The factor of the “Big Five” that
measures emotional stability vs.
instability is:
•
•
•
•
A) Agreeableness.
B) Neuroticism.
C) Openness.
D) Extraversion.
25. Trait theorists have been
criticized for:
• A) underestimating the potential influence
of biological factors.
• B) underestimating the extent to which
people differ from one another.
• C) overestimating the consistency of
behavior from one situation to another.
• D) overestimating the importance of
childhood experiences on adult
personality traits.
Stop here, or continue as a review
1. A psychotherapist instructs David to
relax, close his eyes, and state aloud
whatever thoughts come to mind no
matter how trivial or absurd. The
therapist is using a technique known as:
•
•
•
•
A) fixation.
B) free association.
C) reaction formation.
D) projection.
597
2. According to psychoanalytic theory,
the part of the personality that strives for
immediate gratification of basic drives is
the:
•
•
•
•
A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) collective unconscious.
598
3. Mrs. Hall was asked by her
psychotherapist to look at some
ambiguous pictures and make up a
story about each. She was likely taking
the:
• A) TAT.
• B) Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator.
• C) MMPI-2.
• D) Rorschach test.
602
4. Which neo-Freudian theorist
emphasized the influence of the
collective unconscious in personality
development?
•
•
•
•
A) Adler
B) Horney
C) Jung
D) Maslow
601
5. Parents who disguise hostility toward
their children by becoming overly
protective of them are very likely using
the defense mechanism of:
•
•
•
•
A) projection.
B) regression.
C) rationalization.
D) reaction formation.
600
6. Carl Rogers suggested that the ____ is
a central feature of personality.
•
•
•
•
A) collective unconscious.
B) self-concept.
C) inferiority complex.
D) Oedipus complex.
610
7. The humanistic perspective
emphasized the importance of:
•
•
•
•
A) free association.
B) self-determination.
C) personality inventories.
D) projective tests.
609
8. Humanistic theorists have been
criticized for:
• A) overestimating the impact of childhood
experiences on adult personality.
• B) underestimating the inconsistency of
behavior from one situation to another.
• C) overestimating the degree of similarity
among people.
• D) underestimating the inherent human
capacity for destructive and evil
behaviors.
612
9. Self-actualized people, as
described by Maslow, are least likely
to be highly:
•
•
•
•
A) compassionate.
B) religious.
C) conforming.
D) self-accepting.
610
10. In order to assess a client’s
personal growth, Carl Rogers
measured the correspondence
between _____ and _____.
• A) locus of control; self-actualization
• B) ideal self; actual self
• C) the client’s values; the therapist’s
values
• D) self-esteem; locus of control
610
11. Characteristic patterns of
behavior and motivation are called:
•
•
•
•
A) aptitudes.
B) fixations.
C) projections.
D) traits.
613
12. Trait theorists are more
concerned with ____ personality
and ____ it.
•
•
•
•
A) predicting; assessing
B) describing; explaining
C) changing; analyzing
D) interpreting; observing
613
13. Personality inventories
typically gather information by
means of:
•
•
•
•
A) projection.
B) factor analysis.
C) free association.
D) self-reports.
615
14. Sasha believes that the questions
on college tests are so unrelated to
course work that studying is useless.
Sasha’s belief most clearly illustrates:
• A) reciprocal determinism.
• B) reaction formation.
• C) an external locus of control.
• D) displacement.
625
15. Which of the following Big Five
trait dimensions is most closely
related to one’s level of creativity?
•
•
•
•
A) extraversion
B) emotional stability
C) openness
D) agreeableness
618
16. Which perspective on human
personality emphasizes reciprocal
determinism?
•
•
•
•
A) social-cognitive
B) psychoanalytic
C) trait
D) humanistic
623
17. The perception that one can strongly
influence the outcome and destiny of
one’s own life exemplifies:
•
•
•
•
A) the reality principle.
B) the spotlight effect.
C) the pleasure principle.
D) an internal locus of control.
625
18. Martin Seligman advocates a
positive psychology, which focuses
on topics such as:
•
•
•
•
A) projection.
B) the Barnum effect.
C) external locus of control.
D) optimism.
627
19. According to Jennifer Crocker and
Brenda Major (1989), members of
stigmatized groups maintain their selfesteem by:
• A) valuing the things at which they
excel.
• B) attributing problems to prejudice.
• C) comparing themselves to those in
their own group.
• D) all of the above.
633
•
•
•
•
20. Jody failed her last history midterm.
Which of the following conclusions
would be most representative of a selfserving bias on Jody’s part?
A) “ I really didn’t prepare well
enough for that test.”
B) “I think the test questions were
ambiguous and confusing.”
C) “I lack ability in history.”
D) “I wasn’t concentrating very
hard during the test.”
634
21. Dogs strapped into a harness and
given repeated and unavoidable
shocks develop:
•
•
•
•
A) a fixation.
B) a reaction formation.
C) learned helplessness.
D) unrealistic optimism.
625
22. Linda was impressed by the palm
reader’s “insight” into her personality.
This illustrates:
• A) unconditional positive
regard.
• B) reciprocal determinism.
• C) attributional style.
• D) the Barnum effect.
616
23. Randy’s substandard academic
performance is both a result and a cause
of his feelings of academic inferiority.
This best illustrates the importance of:
•
•
•
•
A) reciprocal determinism.
B) the Barnum effect.
C) reaction formation.
D) self-serving bias.
623
24. The factor of the “Big Five” that
measures emotional stability vs.
instability is:
•
•
•
•
A) Agreeableness.
B) Neuroticism.
C) Openness.
D) Extraversion.
618
25. Trait theorists have been
criticized for:
• A) underestimating the potential influence
of biological factors.
• B) underestimating the extent to which
people differ from one another.
• C) overestimating the consistency of
behavior from one situation to another.
• D) overestimating the importance of
childhood experiences on adult
personality traits.
620
Acknowledgements
• Step Up Created by:
– John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
• Based on Psychology,
Eighth Edition by
• David Myers
• Published by
• Worth Publishers, 2006
Answers
1.
B
9.
C
17.
D
2.
A
10.
B
18.
D
3.
A
11.
D
19.
D
4.
C
12.
B
20.
B
5.
D
13.
D
21.
C
6.
B
14.
C
22.
D
7.
B
15.
C
23.
A
8.
D
16.
A
24.
B
25.
C