Transcript Between the World Wars - Fabius

Between the World Wars
The Struggle for Change
in Latin America
• Mexican Revolution
– Porfirio Diaz – brought economic growth, but
peasants suffered. Removed from power in
1911.
– Pancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata – Leaders of
Northern & Southern Mexico who fought for
power after Madero was murdered.
– Venustiano Carranza – elected President in
1917.
The Struggle for Change in Latin America
• Constitution of 1917
– It permitted the breakup of large estates.
– Placed restrictions on foreigners owning land.
– Nationalization: government takeover of natural resources.
– Church land was made property of the nation.
– Minimum wage set, protected workers’ right to strike.
– Male suffrage only, but females received some protection.
• Same pay for same work.
• Married women could draw up contracts, take part in legal
suits, and have equal authority with men in spending family
funds.
• Roosevelt Corollary : A political policy of the United States
by President Theodore Roosevelt that states only the United
States could intervene in the affairs of South America.
• Good Neighbor Policy: Franklin Roosevelt’s plan to ensure
allies to the South by removing stationed troops and the Platt
Amendment.
Nationalist Movements in Africa and the Middle East
Kenya
Leadership:
South Africa
Nigeria
Leadership:
African National Congress
(ANC)
W.E.B. DuBois
Pan-African Congress
Leadership:
Protests Against:
Loss of Land
Forced Labor
Heavy Taxes
Identification Cards
Protests Against:
Loss of Political & Social
Power
Job restrictions
Identification Cards
“Reserve” Living
Protests Against:
Loss of land
Losing control of
marketplace
Lack of Voice
Results:
Kikuyu leaders jailed
Protests continued
Results:
Apartheid - blacks
required to use separate
trains, beaches,
restaurants, schools, and
no interracial marriage.
Results:
Women’s War – full revolt
Jomo Kenyatta
Ibo women
Biography: Kemal Ataturk
• Nationalist leader of Turkey
who is responsible for
modernizing and
westernizing his country
after World War I. This
enabled Turkey to resist
imperialist attempts at
takeover by various
European powers.
• Westernization: To adopt
western ideas and culture.
• Modernization:To change
something to make it
conform to modern
standards
(1881-1938)
Zionism
• Definition: Jewish nationalist movement to establish a
homeland in Palestine. This movement began in the late
1800s, as anti-Semitic feelings intensified in Europe. The
main leader of this movement was a journalist by the
name of Theodor Herzl. Herzl's dream of a homeland for
Jewish peoples was realized in 1948 with the creation of
Israel.
• Impact: Balfour Declaration issued by Britain in 1917
promised a national home for the Jews.
• Importance: Following WWI the Allies had promised the
Arabs land including Palestine. This set the stage for
conflict between the Arab and Jewish people.
Indian Self-Rule
• Tragedy at Amristar: April 3rd of 1919. British soldiers
killed close to 400 unarmed Indian men, women, and
children, and wounded 1,100 more. People had gathered
in the center of town to protest British occupation of their
country, and to demand equality. This was a turning point
in British domination of India. Independence movements
became very popular and eventually forced India's
independence.
Biography: Mohandas Gandhi
• Nationalist leader in India, who called for a
non violent revolution to gain his country’s
freedom from the British Empire.
• The Salt March (1930) Passive resistance
campaign where Indians protested the
British tax on salt by marching to the sea to
make their own salt.
• Results of WWII for India: Britain
postponed independence and brought India
into the war without consulting them.
•
(1869-1948)
Pakistan, translates as “the land of the ritually pure.”
• A separate Muslim state devised by Muslim League
leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah who like Gandhi learned
Law in England.
Problems in China
• Foreign Imperialism: The early 1900s
showed increased influence by foreign
merchants, missionaries and soldiers over
Chinese ports.
• 21 Demands:
– Cause: Too weak to resist Japan, Yuan gave
into Japan’s demands.
– Effect: This move by Japan triggered a
nationalistic surge in China, which led to
rebellion.
Problems in China
• May 4th Movement
– A patriotic outburst of new urban intellectuals & university
students against foreign imperialists and warlords.
• Biographies
– Jiang Jieshi: (1887-1975) After the death of Sun Yixian, he
became the leader of the Guomindang, or Nationalist Party in
China. Fought to keep China from becoming communist, and to
resist the Japanese during World War II. He lost control of China
in 1949, and fled to Taiwan where he setup a rival government.
Also known as Chang Kai Shek.
– Mao Zedong: (1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in
China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists.
Established China as the People’s Republic of China and ruled
from 1949 until 1976.
The Long March
• 6000 mile march that Mao Zedong and his
Communist Party underwent to avoid
being captured and killed by China’s
Nationalist Party.
• Effects
– Soldiers gained discipline.
– Communists gained popularity with peasants.
– Gained a base in Northern China to fight the
Guomindang.
Empire of the Rising Sun
• Causes
– The government reduced military spending.
– In the spirit of world peace, Japan agreed to limit size
of navy.
– Economy grew slowly during the 1920s and the Great
Depression crippled the economy.
– Ultranationalists emerged, angry at poor economy
and lack of overseas expansion.
– Manchurian Incident (1931) – Japanese army officers
took over Manchuria without government approval.
– As a result Japan withdrew from the League of
Nations and the public sided with the military.
Rise of Militarism in Japan
• Effects
– Early 1930s ultranationalists were winning popular
support
– Politicians and business leaders who opposed
expansion were assassinated.
– Military leaders briefly occupied Tokyo in 1936.
– Traditional values were revived.
– Most Democratic freedoms ended.
– Education focused on absolute obedience to the
emperor and service to the state.
– While fighting against China, WWII broke out, Japan
sided with Germany and Italy.
Western Democracies Between the Wars
League of Nations
Locarno Treaties
Kellogg-Briand Pact
When?
1919-1920
1925
1928
Where?
Versailles, France
Geneva,
Switzerland
Locarno,
Switzerland
Paris, France
Who?
Almost every
independent
nation.
Germany, France,
Belgium,
Czechoslovakia &
Poland
Almost every
independent
nation.
What?
Encouraged
cooperation and a
stop to
aggression.
Settled
Germany’s
disputed borders
Treaty that
renounced war as
a means of
solving disputes.
Why
Failed?
American refusal
to join.
Ambitious dictators
rearmed, pursuing
aggressive foreign
policy.
Could not enforce
the ban.
Recovery & Depression
• Global Imbalance
– Increases
• Industrial workers wages
• Price of Manufactured Goods
• Supply of factory goods
– Decreases
• Farmer’s earnings
• Manufactured goods purchased
• Demand
• The Crash
– The crash of the NY Stock Exchange that triggered
the Great Depression.
The Depression & Its Effects
• Great Depression (1929-1939):
– The dramatic decline in the world’s economy due to
the United State’s stock market crash of 1929, the
overproduction of goods from World War I, and
decline in the need for raw materials from non
industrialized nations.
– Results in millions of people losing their jobs as banks
and businesses closed around the world. Many
people were reduced to homelessness, and had to
rely on government sponsored soup kitchens to eat.
World trade also declined as many countries imposed
protective tariffs in an attempt to restore their
economies.
European Countries Struggling
Following WWI
•
Great Britain
–
–
–
–
•
Experienced a general strike in 1926 due to unemployment and low wages.
Questions over Irish Independence.
Loss of Canada, Australia, New Zealand & South Africa to self-government.
Policy of lenience toward Germany angered France.
France
– WWI fighting devastated Northern France.
– France suffered enormous casualties.
– Not as effected by Great Depression due to reparations and territories received from
Germany.
• The Maginot Line: A line of heavy munitions, which France constructed on its
border with Germany. It was of little use when Germany invaded in 1940.
•
Germany
– Faced the Treaty of Versailles, which stated that Germany had to pay reparations for
causing the war, cut their army, and they also lost land, including Alsace-Lorraine to
France.
– It had a huge impact on their economy as well as their morale, which is why the German
people were so keen to believe Hitler and the Nazis when they said they would better
Germany and make it like it was before the Treaty.
The Rise of New Governments
• Fascism is:
– What Benito Mussolini in Italy and Adolf Hitler in
Germany used to gain power and control over their
countries.
– Totalitarian rule that is imperialist & anti-communist.
– Limited capitalism
– Censorship
– Use of terror & violence
– Strong military
– State control of economy
– Extreme nationalism
Biography: Mussolini
• (1883-1945) Italian
leader. He founded
the Italian Fascist
Party, and sided with
Hitler and Germany in
World War II. In 1945
he was overthrown
and assassinated by
the Italian Resistance.
Fascism V. Communism
• Rule by dictator
• Limited capitalism
• Ruled by the Communist Party
• Command economy
Totalitarian Rule
1. A Single Party Dictatorship
2. State control of the economy
3. Use of police spies and terror to enforce the will of the state
4. Strict censorship and government monopoly of the media
5. Use of schools and the media to indoctrinate and mobilize citizens
6. Unquestioning obedience to a single leader
Nazi Rise to Power
• World War I
– The Treaty of Versailles was extremely unfair to Germany,
forcing them to accept all of the blame for the war. It is a major
cause of World War II.
• Weak Government
– Once the Weimar Republic accepted the Treaty of Versailles
their time was limited.
• Economic Problems
– Hyperinflation: As a result of paying reparations for war guilt, the
rate of inflation hit 3.25 × 106 percent per month (prices double
every 49 hours).
• Leadership
– Anxiously looking for a leader to change the fortunes of the
country, Germany turned to Adolf Hitler.
Biography: Adolf Hitler
• (1889-1945) Austrian-born
leader of Germany. He cofounded the Nazi Party in
Germany, and gained control of
the country as chancellor in
1933. Hitler started World War II
with the invasion of Poland. He
was responsible for the
Holocaust.
• Mein Kampf – Hitler’s book,
which explains the Nazi’s
political ideology and goals.
• The Third Reich - refers to
Germany from the start of Adolf
Hitler's government in 1933 until
the beginning of denazification
in 1945.
The Decline of
German Culture and Religion
• Why?
– As Hitler took control of Germany he silenced supposed enemies of the state by
persecuting Catholics and Jews. Gypsies, homosexuals, African-European, and
mentally ill people were also murdered. Germany became a state of police spies
and neighbors often turned on each other to stay on Hitler’s good side.
• Nazi Treatment of Jews
– Hitler began his program by first limiting the rights of Jews through the
Nuremberg Laws. Jews were restricted to a separate part of town, called a
Ghetto, could no longer run businesses, nor could they marry outside of their
race.
• Concentration Camps
– As World War II progressed, Hitler began forcing Jews into concentration camps,
where they were either immediately murdered, usually by poison gas, or used as
slave labor until they died. Their bodies were disposed of through cremation in
the concentration camp ovens. The Nazis also used Jews in horrific pseudo
medical experiments.
– As a result the United Nations passed the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights in 1948 stating that all people had certain basic rights including life,
liberty, equality, justice and self determination.
Two Nights of Terror
• Kristalnacht (The Night of Broken Glass)
– In 1938 on November 9th & 10th, Nazi
SA Stormtroopers were encouraged to
begin street violence against Jewish
shops, synagogues, and institutions. In
all, 200 synagogues were burned,
homes were destroyed with axes and
sledgehammers, people were thrown
from windows into the street, kicked to
death, beaten with fists and
truncheons, stabbed, and shot.
• Authoritarian Rule in Eastern Europe
– Dictators in Spain, Italy, Germany and
militarists in Japan threatened world
peace leading to World War II.
World War II
Causes
1. Versailles Treaty
• Admit war guilt
• Germany paid reparations
• Lost territory
• Scaled back their military
• Weapons prohibited
• League of Nations formed
4. Imperialism
a.
Japan – took
Manchuria.
b.
Italy – conquered
Ethiopia.
c.
Germany – took
Austria, Czechoslovakia
& Poland.
2. Militarism
• Countries like Japan,
Germany & Italy used
Nationalism and military
aggression to take over
territory.
3. Nationalism & Racism
• Belief in the superiority
of your country or
people, which led to a
desire by militarist
countries to conquer
weaker territory.
5. Failure of Collective Security
6. Appeasement
• Instead of taking action
against Hitler, Western
democracies gave into
his demands to keep the
peace.
• Attempts to create a
lasting peace failed due
to the League of Nations’
weakness.
Aggressive Steps Toward WWII
• 1931 – Japan seizes Manchuria.
• 1935 – Italy invaded Ethiopia and conquered them a year
later.
• 1936 – Germany sends troops to the “demilitarized” zone in
the Rhineland.
• 1937 – Japan overruns much of Eastern China.
• 1938 – Anschluss, or union of Austria & Germany.
• 1938 – Munich Conference, Germany agrees to stop their
aggression in exchange for the Sudetenland.
• 1939 – Francisco Franco wins the Spanish Civil War with
support from Germany and Italy. Franco himself set-up a
fascist state and the War acted as a “dress rehearsal” for
WWII.
• 1939 – Germany attacked Poland, an act of aggression that
started World War II.
Road to War
• Hitler’s Challenge
– Hitler challenged the will of western
democracies and found them to be weak.
• Appeasement
– These western democracies gave in to Hitler’s
demands to keep the peace.
• Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
– An agreement by Italy, Germany, and Japan
to fight Soviet Communism.
Road to War cont…
• German Expansion:
– Reasons
• Hitler wanted to bring all German-speaking people into the Third Reich.
• He needed Lebensraum or “living space” for his superior “Aryan Race.”
– Goals
• Conquer or remove millions of the inferior Slavs.
• Annexed Austria and conquered Czechoslovakia.
• “Peace in Our Time”
– Meaning & Who said it?
• Neville Chamberlain claimed that the Munich Conference had halted
Hitler.
• Winston Churchill would later say: “They had to choose between war and
dishonor. They chose dishonor; they will have war.”
• Navi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact
– Agreement between Hitler and Stalin to peaceful relations, such as:
• Not to fight if the other went to war.
• To divide up Poland and other parts of Eastern Europe.
The Global Conflict: Axis Advances
• Invasion of Poland
– One week after the Nazi-Soviet pact, France and Britain
declared war on Germany when it invaded Poland.
• Attack of France
– When fight ceased in the winter of 1939 people called WWII the
“Phony War.”
– As German forces poured into France with their blitzkrieg
(lightning war), retreating forces were trapped creating the
miracle at Dunkirk.
– France would surrender in June 1940.
• The Battle of Britain
– A stunning air offensive in which Germany bombed Britain on
and off from September 1940 – June 1941.
– Instead of destroying Britain the British were more determined to
fight back. The British were saved when Hitler turned his
attention to the Soviet Union.
U.S. Involvement
• Lend Lease Act
– Agreement of the U.S. to remain neutral, but
still supply arms to countries fighting for
freedom.
• Pearl Harbor
– After the U.S. stopped the sale of natural
resources to Japan and talks broke down
General Hideki Tojo ordered an attack on
Pearl Harbor on 12/7/1941.
Occupied Lands
• German Occupation
– The Nazis believed that conquered land was
an economic resource to be plundered and
looted.
• Treatment of Jews
– In addition to taking economic resources
Hitler wanted to kill all people he judged to be
“racially inferior,” particularly Jews.
Turning Points in the War
• U.S. Entry – following Pearl Harbor.
• Battle of El Alamein (1942) – Allied victory over
German general Rommel in Egypt.
• Invasion of Italy (1943) – Allied victory that forced
Mussolini from power and Hitler to fight a third
front.
• Battle of Stalingrad (1942-43) – Russia pushed
the Nazis back and Germany lost over 300,000
troops.
• Invasion of Normandy (1944) – June 6th, D-Day
when the Allied forces attacked France to push
back Germany.
Toward Victory
• Island-Hopping Campaign
– The goal of American forces was to recapture some
Japanese-held islands while bypassing others. Captured
islands served as stepping stones for movement toward
Japan.
• Battle of the Bulge
– A month-long battle that was Hitler’s last success, albeit in
defeat as it delayed the Allied advance.
• Yalta Conference
– Sensing the end was near Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin
met on the Crimean peninsula. Each leader had an agenda
as Roosevelt asked for Soviet support in the U.S. Pacific
War against Japan; Churchill pressed for free elections and
democratic governments in Eastern Europe (specifically
Poland); and Stalin demanded a Soviet sphere of political
influence in Eastern Europe, as essential to the USSR's
national security.
Difficult Decision: The Atomic Bomb
• Reasons For:
– Invasion would cost a million of more casualties.
– Japanese proved that they would fight to the death
rather than surrender.
– Impress the Soviets with American power.
• Reasons Against
– Incredibly powerful
– Led to the deaths of 100,000+ civilians.
• Results
– After dropping bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki,
Emperor Hirohito intervened on August 10, 1945 and
surrendered.
Impact of World War II
• Human Losses
– As many as 75 million people lost their lives as a result of World War II.
• Economic Losses
– Total War had gutted cities, factories, harbors, bridges, railroads, farms,
homes and lives.
• Holocaust – War Crimes trials
– At Auschwitz alone Rudolf Hoess supervised the killing of 2 ½ million
Jews.
– Over 142 Germans and Austrians were found guilty of “crimes against
humanity,” and a handful of top Nazis received death sentences.
• Occupied Nations
– Allied troops occupied Germany and Japan to strengthen Democracy to
ensure tolerance and peace.
• United Nations
– Security organization that was created in April 1945. In addition to
peacekeeping the UN has taken on problems such as: diseases,
education, struggling economies.