Transcript 第V章 NMET短文改错

高考英语短文改错的
命题与解题

主讲： 齐平昌
 NMET短文改错的命题特点
1. 短文改错的命题通常从以下几方面考虑:
 i. 考察英语的屈折附加成分(以表现英语
学科的显著特点)。
 ii. 学生受本族语影响容易犯的错误。
 iii. 估计考生可能出现的错误。
 2. 用于改错的短文题材为中学生所熟悉,
不会象阅读理解那样, 发生因题材陌生而丢
分。
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 NMET短文改错的命题内容
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I. 英语的屈折附加成分
1. 现在时第三人称单数 2. 时态
3. 被动语态
4. 动名词
5. 分词
6. 不定式
7. 名词复数
8. 代词
9. 比较形容词
10. 词性的变化 (从一类词派生另一类词)
 II. 学生受本族语影响容易犯的错误
 1. 英语介词和活跃的动词搭配, 构成表达法, 是
NMET短文改错的重要内容
 2. 汉语中没有和英语冠词相对应的词语
 3. 英语中的一致现象 (一致包括动词与其主语
的一致, 称谓的一致,•主从句中时态的一致等)
 4. 英语中的平行结构现象 (在表达平行概念时,
要使用相同的语法结构, 平行结构常借助于并列
连词and, or, not only...but also等。)
 III. 估计考生可能出现的错误
 1. 冗言
 例1: (I am a member of)
 our school football team. We practise [for] three
times (every week and often watch football
matches on TV together.)
[]
 例2: Whenever I see them I will [often] think of
my English teacher.
[]

2. and → but; and → or; x → not; go→come•转换
对于整个句意的逻辑关系造成根本变化••
 例: She was smiling [but] nodding at me. I
remembered (her words and calmed down.)

and

3. 英语句与句、词与词的连接必须使用并列或
从属连词
 4. 定语从句的考查
 5. 忽视最常见近似形词语的差异
 6. 误把形容词当动词

了解NMET短文改错的命题内容
命题之一: 英语的屈折附加成分

英语学科显著的特点是指拼音文字所
特有的表现形式, 包括英语的屈折附加
 成分, 如: 动词的屈折变化, 名词复数的屈
折变化, 代词的屈折变化, 比较形容词的
 屈折变化等, 而汉语则无这种变化。

1. 现在时第三人称单数的屈折变化
 ① The
new boy or girl in school quickly
[become] one (of the class after a few
games.)
becomes
 ② Anyone may borrow books, and it
[cost] nothing to borrow them. costs
 ③ (Playing football not only makes us
grow up) tall and strong but also [give]
us a sense of fair play and (team spirit.)

gives
2. 时态的屈折变化
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84/NMET2003 (She liked it)
very much and [reads] it to class. All said the
story was (a good one.)
read
① We were driving along a narrow road when the
car [stop] working.
stopped
② Bill [is] standing at the side of the car, (talking
to two men who were helping him to repair it.)
was
③ Last Sunday, police cars [hurry] to the tallest
building.
hurried
④ Also, scientists and doctors [had] learned how
to deal with many diseases(疾病).
have
⑤ If the book you [will] want is out, you may ask for it
(to be called back for you,...)
[]
⑥ (I had always wanted to return to the village after
moving away) and it [is] really great to see most of
my old (friends again.)
was
⑦ We [have] a good time talking and laughing
(together.)
had
⑧ My favourite sport is football. I [was] a member of
(our school football team.)
am
3. 被动语态的屈折变化
① After an hour or so we began to feel very
[frightening].
frightened
② Charles and Linda were [seeing] near the top
of the building.
seen
③ (If the book you want is out, you may ask for
it to be called back for you, and if you pay the
cost of sending a postcard, the librarian will
write to you, and let you know when the book
you) want has [] returned and is ready for you
to pick up.
been
④ Books may be [keep] for four weeks.
kept
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4. 动名词的屈折变化
81/NMET2003
Soon I began to enjoy [talk] to myself on paper
as I was (learning to...)
talking
① (Charles and Linda Mason do all these things)
as well as [climbed] buildings.
climbing; climb
② (If the book you want is out, you may ask for
it to be called back for you, and if you pay)
the cost of [send] a postcard, the librarian will
(write to you, ...)
sending
③ I want to thank you again for [have] me
in your

(home for the summer holidays.

having
 ④ I look forward to hear from you soon.

hearing
 ⑤ together. [Play] football not only makes
us grow up

(tall and strong but also gives us a sense
of fair play and team spirit.)
Playing

5. 不定式
① I went back to get David and helped him to [stood]
up.
stand
 ② The World Health Organization and other
organizations are working [] improve health all over
the world.
to

③ (If the book you want is out, you may ask for it
to be called back for you, and if you pay the cost of
sending a postcard, the librarian will)
 write to you, and let you [to] know when the book
you (want has been returned and is ready for you to
pick up.)
[]

④ (I had always) wanted [] return to the
village after moving away
 (and it was really great to see most of my
old friends again.)
to
 ⑤ I'd like to [] your penfriend, and get to
 (know more about your country.)

be/become

6. 名词复数的屈折变化
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① Different people speak different [language], ...
languages
② We stopped to rest for a while and to drink
some [waters] from a stream.
water
③ We have been to Europe many [time].
times
④There are branch [library] in many villages.
libraries
⑤ (I hope that you two could come and visit us)
some [times] soon.
time
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④There are branch [library] in many villages.
libraries
⑤ (I hope that you two could come and visit us)
some [times] soon.
time
⑥ We study quite a few [subject], such as maths,
Chinese, (English and physics.)
subjects
⑦ (We practise [for] three times)
every week and often watch football [match] on
TV (together.)
matches
85/NMET2003 (All said the story was)
a good one. Their [word] were a great
encouragement to me.
word → words
 7.
代词的屈折变化

82/NMET2003 (as I was)
 learning to express [me] in simple English. One
day I wrote (a little story...)

me → myself
① The game speaks for [themselves].

them/itself
 ② When we walked to the car, Bill smiled and
shook [] head.
his

③ (And I can't forget) the good food you

cooked for [I].
me

 8. 比较形容词的屈折变化
 ① Police cars hurried to the [taller] building (in

New York.)
tallest
 ② (As a result, people in the modern world)
generally live much [more] longer than people in
the past.
[]
 ③ (People in industrial countries can expect to
live for) twice [so] long as people who lived a
few hundred years ago.
as
 ④ In some places you may borrow [] many
books as you want, ...
[as]
词性的变化 (从一类词派生另一类
词是英语学科的又一显著特点。
不同的句法功能要求使用与之相适应
的词性)
 9.
① A player's native language is not
[importance].
important
 ② I'm sure we'll have a [wonderfully] time
together.
wonderful
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命题之二: 学生受本族语影响容易
犯的错误
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1. 英语介词远比汉语介词活跃这一特性(介词常
和活跃的动词搭配, 构成表达法, 是NMET短文
改错的重要内容)
① People in different parts [in] the world learn
to understand one another through sports.
of
② People in different parts of the world learn to
understand one [with] another through sports.
[]
④ Suddenly we caught sight [at] a car and

some men.
of
 ⑤ When I have free time I go [] a long walk.

for
 ⑥ When they came down the police were

angry [to] them.
with
 ⑦ Most people can quickly get [for] help

from a doctor or go to a hospital if they are

ill.
[]

⑧ (Newly-published novels are always in
great demand, ) and some books, for example,
books [for] history, (science, cooking and
gardening are also popular.)
on
 ⑨ (I [was] a member of) our school
football team. We practise [for] three times
 (every week and often watch football [match]
on TV together.)
[]
 ⑩ (We must keep in mind that we play)
 for the team instead [] ourselves. Also, the
sport (teaches us the importance of
 obedience服从).

of

汉语中没有和英语冠词相对应的
词语这一特性, 考生在使用英语冠词
方面常常缺乏良好的意识和习惯
 2.
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79/NMET2003
My teacher advised me to keep [my] diary. I
followed her (advice and ...)
my → a
① One does not need to understand the language
of [] other.
the
② Some people read [the] books or watch
television while others have sports. []
③ Good health is [] person's most valuable
possession.
a
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④ Modern people know more about [the] health, have
better food, (and live in cleaner surroundings.) []
⑤ There is [] public library in every town in Britain.
a
⑥ Maybe you could come during [a] winter (holidays.)
the
⑦ (Today I visited the Smiths--my first visit) to [a]
American family.
an
⑧ (Each) player must obey [] captain, who is the
leader of (the team.)
the
⑨ The day before the speech contest(比赛) [] English
teacher (talked to me.)
my
忽视英语中的一致现象 (一致包括
动词与其主语的一致, 称谓的一致, 主
从句中时态的一致等)
 3.
① (Different people speak different
languages, but sports have a language of [its]
own.
their
 ② The game speaks for [themselves].

itself
 ③ (The new boy or girl in school quickly
becomes) one of the class after [] few games.

a



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
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


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④ The new boy or girl in school quickly [become]
(one of the class after a few games.) becomes
⑤ ...talking to two men who [was] helping him to
repair it.
were
⑥ (Today, it is much easier to be healthy than)
it [is] in the past.
was
⑦ The Smiths did [his] best to make me feel (at
home.)
their
⑧ the team. And [they] must not break the rules too
(often if we want to win the game. ) we
⑨ (I did a good job and won the first)
prize. Now my picture and the prize [is] hanging in
the library.
are
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4. 忽视英语中的平行结构现象 (在表达平行概念
时, 要使用相同的语法结构, 即动词与动词相配,
其时态及其形式应一致; 形容词与形容词相配, 要
注意只有程度相当的形容词才能配合使用, 即原
级形容词与原级形容词相配, 比较级形容词与比
较级形容词相配, 最高级形容词与最高级形容词
相配; 分词语与分词相配, 不定式与不定式相配,
短语与短语相配; 平行结构常借助于并列连词and,
or等。)
80/NMET2003 (I followed her)
advice and [should] put down 100 words or so each
day.
去掉should
84/NMET2003 (She liked it)
very much and [reads] it to class. All said the story
was (a good one.)
reads → read
① (He said it was best to stay until help
arrived) rather than go into the forest and
[getting] lost.
get
 ② (Modern people know more about the
health, have) better food, and [to] live in
cleaner surroundings.
[]
 ③ Anyone may borrow books, and it [cost]
nothing to borrow them.
costs
 ④ (If the book you want is out, you may ask
for it) to be called back for you, and [whether]
you pay (the cost of sending a
 postcard, the librarian will write ...)
if
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⑤ (It was very kind of them to meet me) at the
railway station and [drove] me to their home.
drive
⑥ (Playing football not only makes us grow up)
tall and strong but also [give] us a sense of fair
play and (team spirit.)
gives
⑦ (I was often) a little tired after a day's work
and [watch] TV (demands very little effort).
watching
⑧ (I remembered) her words and [calm] down.
I did a good job and won the first (prize.)
calmed
命题之三: 估计考生可能出现的错误
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1. 冗言
77/NMET2003 (I ran into many)
difficulties. The main problem was [in] that I
always thought
(in Chinese and... )
was in that → was that
① (As a result, people in the modern world)
generally live much [more] longer than people in
the past.
[]
② Most people can quickly get [for] help from a
doctor or go to a hospital if they are ill. []

③ I never knew [about] a ride down (a river could be
so exciting.)
[]/that

④ (I never knew a ride down) a river could be so
[much] exciting.
[]

⑤ (I also enjoyed the) evenings [when] we spent
together.
[]
⑥ I hope that [both] you two could come and visit

us
[]
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⑦ Today I visited the Smiths--my first [time] visit
(to an American family.)
[]
⑧ (In fact) they are planning to visit China [in]
next year.
[]
⑨ First, let me tell you something [more] about
myself.
[]
⑩ (I [was] a member of)
our school football team. We practise [for] three
times
(every week and often watch football matches on
TV together.)
[]
(11) Whenever I see them I will [often] think of
my English teacher.
[]

2. and → but; and → or; x → not; go→come
对于整个句意的逻辑关系所造成根本变化

78/NMET2003 (I always thought)
in Chinese and tried to translate [anything] into
English.
anything → everything
① A football player from Japan can [not] play with
(a player from England.)
[]
② (The new person on the job feels better after)
he [and] she has played tennis with other
(people in the office. )
or
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③ We tried to fix it [and] there was nothing (we
could do.)
but
④ [Therefore], there are still some countries
where (people have shorter lives.)
However
⑤ Uncle Ben will also [go] back for Christmas.
come
→以写信人所在地为中心, 使用"come", 以避免句
子产生歧义。
⑥ She was smiling [but] nodding at me. I
remembered (her words and calmed down.)
and
3. 英语句与句、词与词的连接必须使
用并列或从属连词这一特性
① I told Mother, Father, Sister, [] all my
friends (here what a great time I had.)

and
 ② (I told Mother, Father, Sister, and all my
friends)
 here [that] a great time I had.)
what

4. NMET短文改错重视对定语从句的
考查
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① People [] do not know each other often
become friends after they have played together.
who/that
② However, David and I did not agree and David
pointed to a path which [it] he thought would
probably lead to a village.
[]
③ In the last five years [that] they have climbed
churches, (high building and television towers.)
[]
④ (However, there are still some countries)
[there] people have shorter lives.

where
 ⑤ (In some places you may borrow as many
books as you want, in other places you are
limited to a certain) number, of [that] some
may be novels.
which
 ⑥ My name is Li Hua. I live in Beijing,
[where] is the (capital of China.)

which

 5.

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忽视最常见近似形词语的差异
He [lied] down by the side of the path to
rest.
lay
6. 误把形容词当动词
They [] eager to know everything about
(China and asked me lots of questions.)

were
NMET短文改错的解题

What should you do when your parents become
angry?
1. √
 点评: 多年来NMET短文改错一般考虑在文章
 首行的后半部命题, 但NMET2001, 2002（京）
2003命题在文章的首行连续出现正确句答案, ,
应引起关注。
 需要指出的是首行第1个动词的时态一般不会
有误, 其形式表明该段文章 `时态的基准点'。
建议在此句中留意动词`become'的时态。

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If your parents [got] mad, try to have a
conversation with them (about it).
get
点评：NMET短文改错重视对动词时态的屈折变化
的考查, 如NMET2001:
（.. and will do all they can to make sure）
that I get a good education. They [did] not want
me
（to do any work at home…）
do
重要提示: 动词时态由现在时错误地"跳"到过去时
或反之, 是该题型最重要的命题考虑之一。

(If your parents get mad, try to have a
conversation with them )
 about it. [Remembering] not to shout at
them. They usually
Remember
 (will try to change, ...)
 点评: Remembering若不是用作现在分词短
语作状语, 就应考虑将其`ing‘去掉, 而改为
祈使句用法。句或句式的准确性是解题应
该留意的内容。其中关注标点符号, 包括
逗号、句号出现的场合和时机是十分必要
的。
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(They usually)
will try to change, but [they] will take some time
because
it
(they get angry all their life, and that is all they
know.)
点评: 该题涉及对代词的指代对象准确性的考查,
是该题型重要的命题考虑之一,
如NMET98:
(Each player must obey the captain, who is the
leader of)
the team. And [they] must not break the rules
too (often if we want to win the game.)
we










(..., but it will take some time because)
they get angry all their [life], and that is all they
know. You
lives
(might have to change for your method a couple of
times.)
点评: `life'用作不可数名词, 意为`人生, 生活, 生存';
`life'用作可数名词, 意为`一生, 终生'。
例: They have very busy lives. 他们终生忙碌。
该题涉及到对名词单复数判断的考查, 此考点是
该题型最常见的命题现象。
如NMET2001:
[they want me to devote all my time to]
my studies so that I'll get good marks in all my
[subject].
subjects

(You)
 might have to change [for] your method a
couple of times.
[]
 点评: change为及物动词, 其后应接用其
宾语。

Do [any] nice things for your parents that
they don't expect
some
 (---like cooking, doing the dishes, ...)
 点评: i. any若作定语, 用于肯定句时, 应后接
单数名词, 如: Any nice book will do.

ii. 若说话者肯定意味强时, 用`some'; 不
用`any'。
 Why don't you bring some magazines with you?
 You'd better read some magazines on the train.

iii. 考题中若出现诸如`something, any,
everything’ 等字眼时, 应予留意。

(... that they don't expect)
---like cooking, doing the dishes,
washing clothes, or [clean] (the floors.)

cleaning
 点评: 该题涉及到平行结构现象。在表
达平行概念时, 要使用相同的语法结构。
就本题而言, 通过并列连词`or', 平行使用
3个动名词。
 NMET短文改错命制重视对英语中的平
行结构现象考查, 如NMET2000:

(I remembered)
 her words and [calm] down. I did a good
job and won the first (prize.)
calmed


If this doesn't work, bring in [] friend
that you (feel comfortable, ...)
a
 点评: i. 考生可能会认为将`friend'改为
`friends'也可, 但问题出在后面所给的

`... and have him or her help you'上面。
通过`him or her'使得 `friend'一词只有一
种改法。

ii. NMET短文改错重视对冠词的考查。
由于汉语中没有和英语冠词相对应的词
语, 这一特性使考生在使用英语冠词方面
缺乏良好的意识和习惯。此点应予留意。






(You)
feel comfortable ∧, and have him or her help you.
with
点评: i. 因其前有`that you feel comfortable‘ 容易
使考生产生`(so) that you (may) feel comfortable‘
的理解。此题命题十分精彩。
ii. 关系代词`that'引出的定语从句应是不完整
的句子; 在`you feel comfortable'之后加用介词
`with'形成正确的定语从句。
B
│Like most of my schoolmates,
I have neither brothers nor 1.
√ │
│[sisters].
│
【点评】多年来NMET短文改
错一般考虑在文章首行的后半
部命题, 如NMET2000、
NMET99、
NMET98等都是这样, 而
NMET2001短文改错命题在文
章的首行第一次出现
正确句答案, 这可能考虑到
首行的后半部内容"have
neither brothers nor"
所具备的命题单元"have
→had(时态命题)";"brothers
→brother(名词复数
命题); neither...nor
→neither...or(并列连词命题)与
文章的第79题
"did → do(时态)"; 第81题
"subject →subjects(名词复数)";
第84题
"and → or(并列连词)"命题
角度或内容重叠有关。
NMET2001短文改错在
文章的首行第一次出现正
确句答案这一现象, 可能并不具
备典型性。
│[I have neither brothers nor]
│
│sisters - in [any] other words,
I am an only child. My
parents2. [] │
│[love me dearly of course...]
│
【解】`in other words'意思为`
换句话说'
【点评】 该题涉及到冗言式的
错误类型。对NMET英语科说
明中405条短语的准确记忆是
解此类题的关键。
│[My parents]
│
│love me dearly of course and
will do all they can /\ make
sure 3. to │
│[that I get a good education.]
│
【点评】NMET短文改错重视
对动词不定式的考查, 如:
例1 [The World Health
Organization and other
organizations]
are working [] improve
health all over the world. to
例2 [If the book you want is
out, you may ask for it to be
called back for you, and if
you pay the cost of sending a
postcard, the librarian will]
write to you, and let you
[to] know when the book you
[]
[want has been returned
and is ready for you to pick
up.]
│[... and will do all they can to
make sure]
│
│that I get a good education.
They [did] not want me to do
4. do │
│[any work at home...]
│
【点评】NMET短文改错重视
对动词时态的屈折变化的考查,
如:
例1 We were driving along a
narrow road when the car
[stop] working.
stopped
例2 Bill [is] standing at the
side of the car,
was
[talking to two men who
were helping him to repair it.]
│[They do not want me to do]
│
│any work at [family]; they
want me to devote all my time
to 5. home │
│[my studies so that I'll get
good marks...]
│
【解】 i. at home; in one's
family
ii. NMET2001短文改错涉
及到短语的命题还有"in other
words""the same"。
│[they want me to devote all
my time to]
│
│my studies so that I'll get
good marks in all my [subject].
We 6. subjects │
【点评】 该题涉及到对名词单
复数判断的考查, 此考点是该题
型最常见到的命题现象。
有关名词复数的屈折变化
的考查归类如下:
例1 Different people speak
different [language], ...
languages
例2 We have been to Europe
many [time].
times
│[We]
│
│may be one family and live
under [a] same roof, but we do
7. the │
│[not seem to get much time
to talk together.]
│
【解】`same'一定要和定冠词
`the'搭配使用。
【点评】NMET短文改错重视
对冠词的考查。由于汉语中没
有和英语冠词相对应的词语,
这一特性使考生在使用英
语冠词方面缺乏良好的意识和
习惯。
例1 One does not need to
understand the language of []
other. the
例2 Some people read [the]
books or watch television
[]
[while others have sports.]
│[but we do]
│
│not seem to get much time to
talk [about] together. It looks 8.
[] │
│[as if my parents treat me...]
│
【点评】NMET短文改错重视
对冗言错误的考查。本届试题
就两次考到这一现象。
例1 [As a result, people in
the modern world]
generally live much [more]
longer than people in the past.
[]
例2 Most people can quickly
get [for] help from a doctor or
[go to a hospital if they are
ill.]
[]
│[It looks]
│
│as if my parents treat me as
a visitor [and] a guest. Do they
9. or │
│[really understand their own
daughter?]
│
【解】`A or B'二者择其一, 而
并非两者都是。
【点评】NMET短文改错重视
对包括连词在内的逻辑关系的
考查, 内容有:
and - but; and - or; 肯定 否定; go - come 等的相互变化,
造成对于
整个句意的逻辑关系的影
响。
例1 A football player from
Japan can [not] play with
[]
[a player from England.]
例2 [The new person on the
job feels better after]
he [and] she has played
tennis with other
or
[people in the office. ]
│[Do they]
│