Transcript How to Read An Academic Paper

How to Read An Academic
Paper
Michelle Fan
范淑玫
English Lecturer/Deputy Director
English Department
Chinese Culture University’s
School of Continuing Education
范淑玫
學歷: 英國伯明罕大學英文系碩士
MA in ESL, Birmingham
University, UK
經歷: 13年大專院校英語文教學經驗
職業: 文化大學英文講師
文化大學推廣教育部語文教
學組副組長
Email: [email protected]
主要內容
英文閱讀技巧
學術論文的特色介紹
專業領域的詞彙查詢
範例介紹
英文閱讀技巧
Step 1.
Extensive Reading 大量閱讀
Step 2.
Intensive Reading 精讀
英文閱讀技巧
Scanning 略讀
Skimming 快讀
Summarizing 摘要
Recognizing cause and effect 辨別因果
Determining pronoun reference
瞭解從主關係
Identifying the main idea 辨別主題
Familiar with grammar knowledge
熟悉文法及句構
Structure of an English Essay
• Introduction
• Body
• Conclusion
Patterns of Essay
Organization
1.
2.
3.
4.
Chronological order
Logical division of ideas
Cause and effect order
Comparison and contrast order
Structure of a
Paragraph
• Topic sentence
• Supporting sentences
• Concluding sentence
Topic Sentence
• It indicates the main idea of a
paragraph and is the most
general statement in the
paragraph.
• It may be the first or last
sentence in a paragraph.
Topic Sentence
• Hurricanes, which are also called cyclones,
exert tremendous power. These violent
storms are often a hundred miles in
diameter; and their winds can reach
velocities of seventy-five miles per hour.
Furthermore, the strong winds and heavy
rainfall that accompany them can
completely destroy a small town in a couple
of hours. The energy that is released by a
hurricane in one day exceeds the total
energy consumed by humankind throughout
the world in one year.
學術論文
何謂學術論文?
針對某一領域或學科學者所
作的相關學術研究的文章
學術論文
特性
1. Structure of a research paper
學術性文章的結構
2. Terminology/jargon 術語
3. Syntactic and lexical features
語文句子結構及詞彙之特性
4. Quotations 引言 (Bibliography/References)
Structure of a research paper
學術性文章的結構
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Literature Review
4. Proposition (qualitative) or
Hypothesis (quantitative analysis)
5. Conclusion
6. Managerial Application (For Business)
Terminology 術語
• Example 1
Involvement:
Definition: including someone or something
in something, or to make them take part in
or feel part of it
e.g.. The team's continued involvement in
the competition is uncertain.
Terminology 術語
Example 1
學科: 消費者行為
Involvement 涉入
涉入是指在一特定情境中被一刺激引發
興趣，而知覺到對個人重要性的程度。
涉入(Involvement)一出現，消費者便會
深思熟慮，仔細推敲以降低購買與使用
產品的風險，並增大利益。
Terminology 術語
Example 2
Involvement 涉入 (學科: 消費者行為)
影響購買問題解決程序的因素:
1. 個人涉入程度
2. 方案間差異的知覺
3. 時間的可用行
4. 消費者的情緒狀況
Terminology 術語
Example 2
• Complex sentence
• Definition of “complex”: difficult to
understand or find an answer to
because of having many different
parts:
e.g. It's a very complex issue to which
there is no straightforward answer.
Terminology 術語
Example 2
• Complex sentence
She was only twenty when she had her
first baby.
She walked home by herself although she
knew that it was dangerous.
We can't go to Julia's party because
we're going away that weekend.
Syntactic Features
句子結構之特性
直接而有力的論述語調:
• There was uncertainty in President
Clinton's mind about the intention of the
Russians to disarm their nuclear weapons.
• President Clinton remained unconvinced
that the Russians intended to disarm their
nuclear weapons.
Syntactic features
句子結構之特性
Kinds of Sentences 基本常見句型
Simple sentence 簡單句
e.g. Jet lag affects most long-distance travelers.
Compound sentence 複合句
e.g. Diana Spencer was born to a upper-class English family,
and she was educated in private schools in England.
Complex sentence 複雜句
e.g. Although Latin American women work 60 hours, Latin men
work only 54 hours.
Compound-complex sentence 複合複雜句
e.g. After I graduated from college, I wanted to travel, but
I had to go to work immediately.
Syntactic Features
句子結構之特性
除上列基本句型, 下類子句常出現：
Relative clauses 關係子句
e.g. People who work part time usually receive no benefits.
Noun clauses 名詞子句
e.g. The bulletin states that science courses require a
laboratory period.
Causal subordinate clauses 表原因之從屬子句
e.g. Because the cost of education is rising, many students
must work part-time.
Lexical features
詞彙之特性
應用語言學家針對學術性文章常用
的字辭作數量的統計，並歸納列出
學術性文章各類最常被使用的字辭
(most frequently-used words)，
供學者及英文學習者們參考。
Quotations 引言
• ‘The roles of teachers change
dramatically as their learners engage
in self-access learning.’ (Gardner and
Miller1999) This is also one of the
greatest challenges faced by English
teachers in Taiwan today.
References
• Gardner, D. and Miller, L. 1999.
Establishing Self-Access. Cambridge
University Press.
Quotations 引言
• Research has indicated that not all
English language learners wish to
behave pragmatically just like native
speakers of the target language
(Washburn 2001). An important
issue to be considered by teachers is
to acknowledge and respect learners’
individuality and freedom of choice
and their systems of values and
beliefs.
References
Washburn, G. N. 2001. ‘Using
situation comedies for pragmatic
language teaching and learning’.
TESOL Journal 10/4:21-6.
Efficient Reading
*Read with purposes
*Know what you want from reading
*Choose the right material
*Use the text effectively
*Improve and practice reading skills
*Take notes (references and
quotations)