Transcript CO2 Capture and Storage System

R K Jain
CO2 emission responsible for global
warming
Development process to go unhalted .
Ways and means to be found for controlling
and abating CO2.
Energy efficient technologies, energy
conservation , reduction in T&D losses to
help CO2 emission.
Ultimate solution may lie in CO2 capture
and storage (CCS) which can stabilize CO2
concentration at 450 or 550 ppm.
CCS as potential of reducing emission by
85% or more by 2050.
CO2 capture and storage system
Fuels
Processes
Transport
Storage options
Post combustion
- CO2 separation from
flue gases by chemical absorption with
monoethanolamine (chilled ammonia process
under development).
Pre Combustion
- CO2 separation in
reformer after gasification of fuel (sorbents
used for separation).
OxyFuel
-Separating O2 and N2
from air and using O2 to burn fuel.
Ocean Storage (~nearly 1000 GtCO2
potential depending on environmental
constrains)
Geological storage (potential 2000
GtCO2).This can enable enhanced oil or gas
recovery.
Deep saline aquifers (potential 5-500 billion
tCO2 ).Appears to be best long term solution.
Depleted oil and gas reservoirs (good sites
because of proven caprock).
CCS: geological storage potential
Capture Efficiency
Net CO2 reduction
Additional Energy use
- 85-95%
- 80-90%
-10-40%
Canada
Algeria
Norway
Nether Land
USA
Planned storage (MtCO2)
20
17
20
8
0.0016
For pulverized Coal Plants cost of CCS could
vary between 61 to 99 US$/MWhr whereas cost
of carbon mitigation could vary between 30 to
70 US$/ CO2 avoided
Cost of Capture 15-75% US$/tCO2
Cost of Transportation for 250 km 1-8 US$/t
CO2
Geological Storage 0.5 -8 US$/tCO2 injected
Ocean storage 5-30 US$/tCO2 injected
Cost of coal fired plant could increase by
around 25% with adoption of CCS.
Cost of Electricity (US$/ MWh )
New Plants
with Capture
100
Pulverized Coal Combustion (PC)
Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC)
80
60
40
20
New Gas and Coal Plants without Capture
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
CO2 emission factor (tCO2/MWh)
0.9
1.0
Lack of real Data
Appropriate Site selection for geological
storage.
Monitoring program to detect problems.
Remedial methods to stop CO2 releases
Important to evaluate potential for seepage
based on site characteristics
It is estimated that fraction retained in
appropriately selected and managed
geological reserves may be more than 99%
over 1000 years
Release is estimated to be gradual over
hundreds of years
•Technical issues
 Scale up of technology for CO2 separation.
 Efficiency improvements in compression of CO2.
 Chances of leakage of stored CO2
 Damages on account of leakage of CO2
• Economic Issues
 More detail assessments needed to improve equipment design and cost
estimates.
• Legal Issues
 Property rights to underground space for storage
 Legal considerations for potential CO2 leak
• Regulatory Issues
 Building a regulatory framework for CCS needed.