Transcript Japanese Encephalitis - Life Science Academy

Japanese
Encephalitis
A Mosquito-borne Virus
• Non-living structures containing genetic
material. (PBS, 2007)
• First discovered in 1898 by Loeffler and
Frosch (UCMO, 1993)
• Require host cells to reproduce (PBS,
2009)
• Function by inserting their unique code
into the nucleus of the host, taking over
the functions and ultimately destroying
the cell
What are Viruses?
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Single strand RNA virus
Related to West Nile
Prevalent in Asian countries
Occurs in wet, rural areas
Transmitted mainly by mosquitoes
Japanese Encephalitis
• The JE virus (JEV) is mainly transmitted by the mosquito
Culex tritaeniorrhynchus, which prefers to breed in
irrigated rice paddies (CDC, 2009)
• Water birds may also carry the disease, and it often
infects pigs
• Raising pigs is a risk factor!
• Spreads through bird and human migration, and
internationally through wind-blown mosquitoes
Transmission
First Infection
Serious Infection
Mild or No Symptoms
Seizures
Fever
Mental Illness
Headache
Muscle Failure
Nausea and Diarrhea
Inability to Speak
(NHS, 2010)
Symptoms
• Occurs in South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia and the
Pacific
• Has been carried by mosquitoes to Australia
• Carried most specifically by Culex tritaeniorrhynchus,
which breeds in rice paddies (CDC, 2009)
• Annual deaths (human) 10,000-15,000
• 20%-30% mortality rates
• 30%-50% of survivors suffer residual neuropsychiatric
problems (CDC, 2009)
Prevalence
• Basically,
• Use nets, repellent, and wear long and loose clothing
• Efforts only relevant for visits to endemic areas for > 1
month during the JE season, or in areas with ongoing
outbreak (CDC, 2012)
• A vaccine is obtainable and advised for those whose
situation matches the one described above
Prevention
• There is NO SPECIFIC TREATMENT
• STILL, there are measures taken to control symptoms and
prevent complications
• Therapy may be necessary, and is supportive.
• Patients may require:
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Feeding
Airway management
Anticonvulsants
Mannitol (decreases intracranial pressure) [Medscape, 2012]
• In ICU cerebral perfusion pressure (mean minus arterial) is
maintained thru modulation (Medscape, 2012)
Treatment
• For patients not covered by health insurance, vaccines for
prevention can be $450-$1,100
• For those with insurance, it can be as low as $10-$40
(costhelper, 2010)
• Global impact in 2002 was 709,000 disability-adjusted life
years (DALYs) [CDC, 2009]
• The disease is dynamic, because some cases may be very mild,
whereas others cause irreversible neurological damage
• Affects mostly tourists and those stationed in rural areas,
typically rice farmers, in many Asian countries
Personal/Global Effects
• Emiliani, C. (1993). Introduction to the Viruses. UCMP. [accessed 12 March
2013]. Retrieved from http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/alllife/virus.html
• Costhelper. (2010). Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Cost. [accessed 12 March
2013]. Retrieved from http://health.costhelper.com/japanese-encephalitisvaccine.html
• Jani, A. A. (2012). Japanese Encephalitis Treatment and Management. Medscape.
[accessed 12 March 2012]. Retrieved from
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/233802-treatment
• Erlanger, T.E., Weiss S., Keiser J., Utzinger J., Wiedenmayer K. (2012). Past,
Present, and Future of Japanese Encephalitis. CDC. [Accessed 12 March 2012].
Retrieved from http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/1/08-0311.htm
• NHS. (2012). Japanese Encephalitis. [accessed 12 March 2012]. Retrieved from
http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Japanese-encephalitis/Pages/Introduction.aspx
• CDC. (2012). Japanese Encephalitis. [accessed 12 March 2012]. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/japaneseencephalitis/prevention/index.html
Documentation