Transcript The Original Thirteen Colonies

The Original Thirteen Colonies
Bradford Pazant
The Benjamin school
Four Kinds of Colonies
Charter:
 Trading company or settlers had been given a charter (written contract giving
rights to a person or group) by crown.
 Most democratic form of government.
 Citizens elected members of legislature, governor (with crown’s approval).
 House of Burgesses – first representative assembly. Burgess means elected
official.
Proprietary:
 Crown gave away large tracts of land as favors to individuals or groups
(Proprietors).
 Owners allowed to act as monarchs of colony.
 Allowed people to elect lower house of legislature.
 Governor and upper house chosen by proprietor.
Royal:
 Most of the 13 colonies by 1775 were royal colonies under the most direct
control of British monarch.
 Governor and members of upper house chosen by the crown.
 Lower house elected by colonists, but governor could veto any act of the
assembly.
Joint-Stock:
 Investors put money into a project in order to earn profits.
 Each investor received shares of stock (pieces of ownership) in the company.
 They would split any profits made and divide any losses suffered.
New England Colonies:
Plymouth, Massachusetts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The Pilgrims settled at Plymouth (102 people) in 1620, arriving on
the Mayflower.
Pilgrim – a person making a journey for a religious reason.
They were seeking freedom from persecution. Belonged to the
religious group called Separatists.
Their intent was to settle in Virginia. They were sponsored by the
Virginia Company.
They landed outside the limits of the Virginia Company due to a
storm. The Va. Company’s charter did not apply.
The Pilgrims knew that a society without order would not survive.
THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT – AN INFORMAL AGREEMENT
OF LAWS WHICH HELPED ESTABLISH THE IDEA OF SELF
GOVERNMENT IN THE COLONIES.
Governor: William Bradford
Half of the colony failed to survive the first winter.
The signing of the Mayflower Compact
New England Colonies:
Massachusetts Bay (1629-1630)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Puritans – wanted to return to the ways of the early Christians
described in the Bible. This went against the Church of
England.
They were viewed as a threat between the power of the Church
of England and the King. Many emigrated to America (The
Great Migration – mass exodus of Puritans from England to
America).
Governor: John Winthrop
Structured society as a commonwealth (“for the common
good”).
Colonists thought they had a covenant (agreement) with God to
build a holy society.
The “New England Way” – term used by Puritans to describe
both their beliefs and the society they were building.
This society emphasized duty, godliness, hard work, and
honesty.
New England Colonies:
Connecticut (1636)
1. Founded by Puritans who left the
Massachusetts Bay Colony.
2. Leader: Thomas Hooker.
3. Colony named after an Algonquin word,
quinnehtukqut, "beside the long tidal river."
4. They wrote and adopted the FUNDAMENTAL
ORDERS OF CONNECTICUT. In effect,
these laws were a Constitution, the first in the
colonies.
Assignment
 Handout – The Mayflower Compact and
the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
New England Colonies:
Rhode Island (1636)
1. Puritans did not tolerate freedom of religion or
dissenters (someone who challenges the
generally accepted views of church or
society).
2. Roger Williams, founder, believed the Church
had too much control in the government. He
was banished from the Mass. Bay Colony.
3. With a small group of followers, he settled
Rhode Island, Dutch for “red island.”
New England Colonies:
Rhode Island
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Anne Hutchinson (1637) –
challenged religious leaders by
holding weekly meetings.
She believed that a person
could find inner truth and divine
guidance without the help of the
ministry.
This was considered treason
because she went against the
basis of the commonwealth.
She was brought to trial.
She was banished from the
Mass. Bay Colony and left for
Rhode Island, which became a
refuge for those seeking
religious freedom.
New England Colonies:
New Hampshire (1623)
1. First settled in 1623. Named for county of
Hampshire in England.
2. In 1638, John Wheelwright, banished from
Boston for defending his sister-in-law Anne
Hutchinson, founded a settlement called
Exeter in New Hampshire.
3. Started out as a Proprietary colony but it
became a Royal colony in 1679.
King Philip’s War (1675)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Conflict over land resulted in frontier warfare
between Native Americans and Puritan settlers.
King Philip was the English name for Metacom,
leader of the Wampanoag.
Roger Williams tried to keep peace between the
two groups.
Considered one of the deadliest battles in
American history.
1/6 of Massachusetts’ male population was killed.
Over 500 Native Americans, including Metacom’s
wife and son, were sold into slavery in the West
Indies.
Metacom was killed, quartered, and had his head
placed in the town square of Plymouth Colony.
The pattern of English expansion followed by war
between settlers and Native Americans was
repeated throughout the colonies. It would
continue for years to come.
King Philip’s War (1675)
The Salem Witchcraft Trials
1. Puritan New England was originally a society
centered on the church.
2. There was a strong belief that Satan was
acting in the world.
3. Disease, natural catastrophes, and bad
fortune were attributed to work of the devil.
4. There was a belief that Satan recruited
witches and wizards to work for him.
5. There was a belief that a person afflicted by
witchcraft exhibited certain symptoms.
The Salem Witchcraft Trials
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
By the late 1600s, the younger generations did not share the
strict religious views of their parents.
A time of troubles, making it seem likely that Satan was
active: smallpox, congregational strife in Salem Village,
frontier wars with Native Americans, and teenage boredom.
1692: Pretending to be bewitched, many girls falsely
accused others of witchcraft.
The clergy viewed the Salem witch hunts and trials as a sign
from God for the village to return to a strict Puritan lifestyle.
Hysteria spread through Salem. More than 100 people were
arrested and tried. Of those, 20 were found guilty and put to
death.
The panic was short–lived, but it showed how a society can
create scapegoats for its problems.
The Trial of George Jacobs, August 5, 1692, by T.H. Matteson
Mid-Atlantic (Middle)
Colonies
1. In contrast to New England, the Mid-Atlantic
colonies drew early settlers from a variety of
cultural and religious backgrounds.
2. Produced surpluses of wheat, barley, and
rye. These were “cash crops” that were sold
on the world market.
3. These colonies were also a center of
manufacturing and crafts.
Mid-Atlantic (Middle) Colonies:
New Netherland (New York)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Settled by the Dutch in 1625.
Governor: Peter Stuyvesant in 1647.
Most Dutch colonists were Protestants who belonged to
the Dutch Reformed Church. They allowed, however,
people of other religions to purchase land.
1664 – the rivalry between England and the Netherlands
(Dutch) for trade and colonies led to war in Europe.
English warships entered New Amsterdam’s harbor and
took over the city.
King Charles II of England gave the colony to his
brother, the Duke of York, renaming it New York in his
honor.
Mid-Atlantic (Middle)
Colonies: New Jersey
1. 1664 – At the time, New York stretched as far south
as the Delaware River. The Duke of York thought it
was too big to govern easily.
2. He gave some land to his friends, Lord Berkley and
Sir George Carteret. They set up a Proprietary
colony called New Jersey.
3. Named for the Isle of Jersey in England.
4. This colony attracted people from many lands.
5. 1702 – became a Royal colony under the English
Crown.
6. The colony’s charter protected religious freedom and
the rights of an assembly that voted on local matters.
Mid-Atlantic (Middle)
Colonies: Pennsylvania
1. 1637 - Founded by William Penn, a Quaker
and wealthy Englishman. Personal friend of
King Charles II.
2. Because Quakers were one of the most
despised religious groups in England, Penn
asked King Charles for help.
3. The king made Penn proprietor of a large
tract of land in North America. The king
named it Pennsylvania, or “Penn’s
woodlands.”
Mid-Atlantic (Middle)
Colonies: Pennsylvania
1. Penn thought of his colony as a “Holy Experiment.”
2. He wanted it to be a model of religious freedom,
peace, and Christian living. Protestants, Catholics
and Jews went here to escape persecution.
3. Penn sent out pamphlets describing his colony all
over Europe. Soon, settlers from all over Europe
came to Philadelphia. Among them, a large number
of German-speaking Protestants known as
Pennsylvania Dutch.
4. Penn was an advocate against unfair treatment of
Native Americans. He believed that settlers should
pay for the land they took from them.
Mid-Atlantic (Middle)
Colonies: Delaware (1638)
1. Previously known as Pennsylvania's
Lower Counties.
2. These settlers did not want to send
delegates to a far-away assembly in
Philadelphia.
3. William Penn allowed them to elect their
own assembly, and later, they broke
away to form their own colony.
Southern Colonies
 In 1767, two English
mathematicians, Charles
Mason and Jeremiah Dixon,
completed the Mason-Dixon
Line.
 The 244-mile boundary
between Maryland and
Pennsylvania had been in
dispute since 1681.
 This was more than just a
boundary line. It also divided
the Middle Colonies and
Southern Colonies.
 The Southern Colonies
developed a way of life
different in many ways from
other English colonies.
Mason-Dixon Line marker
Southern Colonies: Maryland
1. 1632 – Founded by Cecil, Lord Baltimore.
2. Named after Queen Henrietta Maria, wife of King
Charles I.
3. In the spring of 1634, 200 colonists landed along the
upper Chesapeake Bay.
4. As proprietor, Lord Baltimore appointed a governor
and council of advisees.
5. He gave colonists a role in government by creating
an elected assembly.
6. He welcomed Protestants as well as Catholics.
7. He later came to fear that Protestants might try to
deprive Catholics of their right to worship. In 1649,
he asked the assembly to pass the Maryland
Toleration Act. This was to provide religious
freedom for all Christians.
Southern Colonies: Virginia
1. 1607 – Founded by John Smith and others. They
endured many hardships.
2. Named for England's "Virgin Queen," Elizabeth I.
3. 1612 – John Rolfe developed high-grade tobacco.
Becomes a valuable crop.
4. Many settlers arrive under the promise of profits
from tobacco.
5. Wealthy planters took the best lands near the coast.
Newcomers had to push inland, onto Native
American land.
6. Conflict over land led to fighting between settlers
and Native Americans.
Southern Colonies: Virginia
1. Finally, in 1676, Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy
landowner, upset with economic problems, such as
declining tobacco prices and an increase in the price
of English goods, decided to take it out on the Native
Americans (Bacon’s Rebellion).
2. He organized angry men and women on the frontier
and raided Native American villages. He then led
his followers to Jamestown and burned the capital.
3. The uprising lasted only a short time. When Bacon
died suddenly (body lice), the revolt fell apart.
4. The governor hanged 23 of Bacon’s followers.
5. This did not stop English settlers from moving onto
Native American lands.
Bacon's Rebellion Painting by Sidney King
Southern Colonies: The Carolinas
1. 1653 - South of Virginia and Maryland, English
colonists settled in a region called the Carolinas.
The settlement took place in two areas.
2. Origin of name: from Carolus, the Latin word for
"Charles," Charles II of England.
3. To the north, settlers were mostly poor tobacco
farmers who had drifted south from Virginia. They
tended to have small farms.
4. 1663 - Farther south, a group of eight English nobles
set up a larger colony. They received a grant from
King Charles II.
5. 1685, it was discovered that rice grew well in the
swampy lowlands along the coast. It became a
valuable crop.
Southern Colonies: The Carolinas
1. Carolina planters needed large numbers of workers
to grow rice. At first, they tried to enslave local
Native Americans. Many died of disease or
mistreatment, and others escaped into the forests.
2. Planters then turned to slaves from Africa. By 1700,
most people coming to the southern part of the
Carolinas were African men and women brought
there against their will.
3. The northern area of Carolina had fewer slaves.
Differences between the areas led to a division of
the colony into North Carolina and South Carolina in
1712.
Southern Colonies: Georgia
1. The last of the 13 colonies was carved out of the
southern part of South Carolina.
2. Named for England’s King George II.
3. 1732 – started by James Oglethorpe, a respected
soldier and energetic reformer.
4. He wanted the colony to be a place where people
jailed for debt in England could make a new start.
5. Oglethorpe offered to pay for debtors and other poor
people to come to Georgia.
6. He set strict rules for the colony.
7. Slavery was forbidden; however, the population
grew slowly and he later changes the rules to allow
large plantations and slave labor.
The Rights of English Citizens
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
By the late 1600s, each colony had developed it own form of
government; however, they had much in common.
Besides a governor, each colony had a legislature (a group of
people who have the power to make laws).
The government took great pride in their elected assemblies.
They valued the rights that the Magna Carta (1215 - said the
king could not raise taxes without first consulting the Great
Council of nobles and church leaders), and the English Bill of
Rights (1689 – protected the rights of citizens, trial by jury,
etc..) gave them.
Each colony had its own rules about who could vote;
however, by the 1720s, most colonies restricted voting to
white Christian men over 21.
Africans, Native Americans, women and servants had no
rights.
Slavery – 1700s
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Triangular Trade Route – many New England merchants
grew wealthy from the trade route.
They often disobeyed the Navigation Acts, passed by
Parliament, to ensure that only England benefited from trade
with the colonies. They also brought goods from the Dutch,
French, and Spanish.
Middle Passage – (the most inhumane aspect of the
Triangular Trade) the shipping of enslaved Africans to the
West.
Most enslaved Africans in North America lived on plantations.
Some did housework, however, most worked in the fields and
often suffered great cruelty.
Overseers – hired by large plantation owners to ensure
slaves did their work (harsh cruelty towards slaves).
The Middle Passage:
“One day…… two of my wearied countrymen who
were chained together ….. jumped into the sea;
immediately another followed their example….. Two
of the wretches were drowned, [but the ship’s crew]
got the other, and afterwards flogged him
unmercifully for thus attempting to prefer death to
slavery.” The Life of Olaudah Equiano the African (1789)
Slavery – 1700s
1. Slave Codes – strict rules governing the behavior
and punishment of enslaved Africans.
2. Slaves could not leave without written permission
from their master.
3. Enslaved Africans could not be taught to read or
write.
4. They were whipped for offenses and hanged or
burned to death for serious crimes.
5. Those who ran away were often caught and
punished severely.
6. All white settlers were encouraged to enforce these
laws against enslaved Africans. As a result, a
person’s race determined his/her place in society.
African Traditions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Africans had strong family ties; however, their families
were often torn apart.
Slaveholders would split up families by selling a spouse,
a parent, or a child to another slaveholder.
Slaves who worked on plantations found a source of
strength in their connection to their African roots.
In some areas (off the coasts of South Carolina and
Georgia), a culture emerged that drew on the languages,
customs, and religions of their West African homelands
(Gullah), even as they learned English ways of life.
Some enslaved Africans learned trades (blacksmithing,
carpentry, weaving).
Skilled workers sometimes set up shops, sharing their
profits with the slaveholders.
Those lucky enough to be able to buy their freedom
joined the small population of free African Americans.
Criticism of Slavery
1. Part of colonial life and one of the main
reasons for the success of the southern
colonies was that it was built upon a profound
injustice – THE IDEA THAT ONE HUMAN
BEING COULD OWN ANOTHER!
2. Puritans refused to hold enslaved people.
3. Pennsylvania – Quakers and Mennonites (a
German religious group) condemned slavery.
Colonies in the 1750s
1. Colonists enjoyed more social equality than
England did. Still, class differences existed.
2. At the top stood the gentry (wealthy planters),
merchants, ministers, successful lawyers, and
royal officials.
3. Below the gentry was the middle class. This
included farmers, skilled crafters, and some
tradesmen. Nearly three quarters of all white
people belonged to the middle class.
4. The lowest social class included hired
farmhands, indentured servants, and slaves.
Colonies in the 1750s:
The Great Awakening
1. A a renewal of faith.
2. This religious movement swept through the
colonies.
3. Preachers (such as John Edwards) warned
that colonists must follow the Bible’s
teachings or they would be “sinners in the
hands of an angry God,” headed for the
“fiery torments of hell.”
4. Many new churches were formed.
5. This awakening forced colonists to become
more tolerant of people with different
beliefs.
Colonies in the 1750s:
Education
1. Public schools first emerged in the New
England colonies.
2. In the Mid-Atlantic colonies, churches
and individual families set up private
schools. Pupils paid to attend.
3. In the southern colonies, wealthy
planters would either hire tutors or send
their sons to school in England.
The Age of Reason:
The Enlightenment
1. European scientists tried to use reason and
logic to understand the world.
2. They developed theories and then performed
experiments to test them (e.g. Sir Isaac Newton
– father of modern science).
3. Scientists and philosophers believed the same
methods could be applied to the study of human
behavior.
4. They tried to discover the natural laws that
governed human behavior (e.g. Benjamin
Franklin).
5. This movement became known as the
Enlightenment.