Transcript kjjhghgff

Lesson 4
How a Computer Processes Data
Computer Concepts
BASICS 4th Edition
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Objectives
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Identify computer system components
Explain how the CPU works
Differentiate between RAM and ROM
Describe how data is represented
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Vocabulary
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arithmetic/logic unit
(ALU)
bit
Bluetooth
byte
cache memory
computer system
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control unit
 controller
 dual-core processor
 execution cycle
(E-cycle)
 expansion slot
 FireWire
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Vocabulary (continued)
instruction cycle
(I-cycle)
 machine cycle
 memory
 modem
 motherboard
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multi-core processor
port
processor
random access
memory (RAM)
read-only memory
(ROM)
Computer Concepts BASICS
Vocabulary (continued)
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serial
Small Computer System
Interface (SCSI)
Universal Serial Bus
(USB)
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Computer Systems
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Just about all computers, regardless of size,
take raw data and change it into information
The procedure involves input, processing,
output, and storage (IPOS)
Input, output, and processing devices
grouped together represent a computer
system
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Computer Concepts BASICS
System Components
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The PC system case houses the main
system components
The motherboard, mounts into the case, and
is a circuit board that contains many integral
components.
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the central processing unit
memory
basic controllers
expansion ports and slots
Computer Concepts BASICS
System Components (continued)
Motherboard
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Computer Concepts BASICS
System Components (continued)
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The processor (CPU) is the brains of the
computer
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Some manufacturers now offer:
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Is housed on a tiny silicon chip
Chip contains millions of switches that control the
flow of electricity
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Dual-core processor (2 separate processors)
Multi-core processor (more than 2 processors)
Computer Concepts BASICS
System Components (continued)
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The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) performs
arithmetic computations and logical
operations
The control unit is the boss, so to speak, and
coordinates all of the processor’s activities
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Uses programming instructions
controls flow of information through the processor
Computer Concepts BASICS
System Components (continued)
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Random Access Memory:
Short-term memory in Random Access Memory
(RAM) on motherboard
When computer is turned off whatever is on RAM is
disappears
For long-term use hard disk drive or USB drive
RAM chips
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Computer Concepts BASICS
System Components (continued)
Random Access Memory (continued):
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Process used by RAM is I-cycle and E-cycle
which creates a machine cycle
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Computer Concepts BASICS
System Components (continued)
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Memory: Read-only memory (ROM)
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Basic Controllers
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Also found on motherboard and throughout
system
Contains specific information for computer
operations
Instructions remain even when power is off
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Device that controls the transfer of data to
peripheral devices, such as printers and monitors
Computer Concepts BASICS
System Components (continued)
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Ports and Connectors:
A port is an interface with a peripheral device
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USB port can connect up to 127 different
peripherals with one connector
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Replacing serial and parallel ports in computer
FireWire is a newer type of external bus
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Serial devices transfer data 1 bit at a time
Parallel devices transfer at 8 bits (1 byte) at a time
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Also known as IEEE 1394 and IEEE 1394b
Computer Concepts BASICS
System Components (continued)
Traditional,
Fireware, and
USB ports
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Computer Concepts BASICS
System Components (continued)
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Ports and Connectors (continued):
SCSI (pronounced skuzzy) is a standard
interface for connecting peripherals such as
disk drives and printers
IrDA is a wireless standard using infrared
light
Bluetooth uses radio waves and provides
short-range data and voice communication
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Computer Concepts BASICS
System Components (continued)
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Ports and
Connectors
(continued):
Expansion slots are
openings on the
motherboard where
an expansion board
can be inserted
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Data Representation
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Computers communicate using a binary
system of 1’s and 0’s
Standardized coding for all computers:
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Most popular: ASCII which is the American
Standard Code for Information Interchange
Another type: EBCDIC which is the Extended
Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
Computer Concepts BASICS
Lesson 4
Summary
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In this lesson, you learned:
 Just about all computers perform the same general
functions: input, processing, output, and storage.
 Input, output, and processing devices grouped
together represent a computer system.
 The motherboard is the center of all processing.
 The motherboard contains the CPU, memory, and
basic controllers.
 It also contains ports and expansion slots.
 The processor is the brains of the computer.
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Summary (continued)
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The computer is given instructions through computer
programs.
The CPU has two main sections—the
arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) and the control unit. All
calculations and comparisons take place in the ALU.
The control unit coordinates the CPU activities.
The motherboard contains different types of
memory.
The machine cycle is made up of the instruction
cycle and the execution cycle.
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Summary (continued)
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Random access memory is volatile and is used to
store instructions, data, and information temporarily.
Read-only memory is nonvolatile and is used to
store permanent instructions needed for computer
operations.
A controller is used to control the transfer of data
between the computer and peripheral devices.
Expansion slots contain expansion boards.
Expansion boards are used to connect specialized
peripheral devices or to add more memory to the
computer.
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Computer Concepts BASICS
Summary (continued)
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Peripheral devices are connected to the computer
through serial and parallel ports.
The Universal Serial Bus standard is expected to
replace serial and parallel ports.
FireWire is a type of external bus that can connect
up to 63 external devices.
SCSI, IrDA, and Bluetooth are special-purpose ports.
The ASCII and EBCDIC codes are used to represent
the alphabet, numbers, symbols, and punctuation
marks.
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Computer Concepts BASICS