Transcript Issues and Challenges

Issues, Challenges, and
Future Trends
CHAPTER 15
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Issues and Challenges
2
Issues
Challenges
 Leadership in physical
 High quality, daily
activity
 Leadership in youth
sport
 The growing field and
our identity
 The gap between
research and practice
physical education
 Advocacy
 Achievement of
National health goals
 Lifespan involvement
for all people
Leadership in Physical Activity
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 We have a responsibility to educate the public
about the benefits of physical activity and fitness.
 We need to let the public know which programs
meet health standards.
 Professionals’ leadership:
 Corbin:
Seek active leadership roles.
 Ewers: Be “pace setters” by practicing what you
preach.
Leadership in Physical Activity
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 Overdorf cites leadership
as essential if we want to
make a difference in the
lives of people and
effectively deal with the
problem of physical
inactivity.
 Agents of change.
 Role modeling is
essential… we must “walk
our talk.”
Leadership in Youth Sport
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 Youth sports programs involve millions of boys and
girls and adult volunteers.
 Purpose of youth sports:
 Promote the healthy physical, psychological, and social
development of participants.
 Criticism of youth sports:
 Overemphasis on winning and competition.
 Losing sight of the developmental focus of youth sports.
 Need for physical education and sport professionals
to assume a greater role in the conduct of youth
sports.
Young Athletes’ Bill of Rights
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 Opportunity to participate regardless of ability.
 Participation at a level that is commensurate with each child’s
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developmental level.
Qualified adult leadership.
Shared leadership and decision-making.
Right to play as a child and not as an adult.
Proper preparation.
Equal opportunity to strive for success.
Treatment with dignity.
Have fun through sport.
Leadership in Youth Sport
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 “Youth sports programs are neither inherently good nor
bad.”... Their value depends on the quality of adult leadership
and the supporting environment.” (Seefeldt)
 Volunteers should focus on promoting continued sport
involvement of children rather than on winning.
 Volunteers should be aware of the reason’s children
participate in youth sport and try to incorporate them into
every practice:
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Fun
Learn skills
Be with their friends
Excitement of competition on their own terms
Leadership in Youth Sport
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 Provide experiences that
will “turn kids on to
physical activity for the
lifetime.” (Martens)
 Principle’s for Youth
Sport:
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Modeling principle
Reinforcement principle
Self-determination principle
Self-worth principle
Fun principle
Improving Youth Sports
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 Make changes to
accommodate children of
all abilities and interests.
 Continue research in order
to base programs on sound
principles.
 Develop and implement
sound training programs
for coaches.
The Growing Field and Our Identity
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 Since the late 1960s, the field has increased in depth
and breadth.
 Development of the subdisicplines has led to
research traditions, professional organizations, and
publications.
 New and expanded career opportunities.
The Field
11
 Concerns about fragmentation and specialization of
the field.
 Important to recognize the role of each of the
subdisciplines in achieving our mission of helping
people to be physically active throughout their
lifespan.
 Need to integrate our knowledge to better respond
to the needs of individuals with whom we work.
What is the best name?
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 Is it time for a “new” name for the
field?
 Do we have a “confused identity
that lacks an accurate concept of
who we are, what we do, and where
we are going?”
 What is the best name to represent
physical education, exercise science
and sport?
The Gap Between Research & Practice
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 Time lag between publication of research and the
utilization of relevant findings.
 Critical to narrow the gap so that our programs are
based on sound current principles.
 A diversity of practitioner and researcher factors
contribute to this gap.
Closing the Gap
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 Professional preparation programs are better
preparing students to interpret research and utilize
the findings.
 Practitioners and researchers are working
collaboratively to investigate problems.
 Researchers are addressing practical applications of
their work when reporting findings.
 Research “translators”:
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Consolidate findings, identify practical applications, and
disseminate easy-to-understand information through
newsletters and journals.
High-Quality Daily Physical Education
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 Regular, appropriate physical activity can contribute
to good health and enhance the quality of life for
people of all ages.
 Therefore physical activity should start at an early age.
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School PE programs can reach over 50 million children and
youth and help them learn the skills, knowledge, and values
necessary to incorporate physical activity into their
lifestyles.
Components of a High
Quality Program (NASPE)
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OPPORTUNITY TO LEARN
 Instructional periods of 150
minutes a week for elementary
students and 225 minutes a week
for middle and secondary school
students.
 Qualified physical education
specialist providing a
developmentally appropriate
program.
 Adequate equipment and
facilities.
MEANINGFUL CONTENT
 Instruction in a variety of motor
skills to enhance the physical,
mental, and social/emotional
development of each child.
 Fitness education and
assessment.
 Inclusion of cognitive concepts.
 Opportunities to improve social
skills and gain a multicultural
perspective.
 Promotion of regular amounts of
appropriate physical activity
throughout life.
Components of a High-Quality Program
(NASPE)
APPROPRIATE
INSTRUCTION
 Full inclusion of all children.
 Maximum practice
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opportunities.
Well-designed lessons that
facilitate student learning.
Out-of-school assignments
that support learning and
practice.
No physical activity for
punishment.
Uses regular assessment to
monitor and reinforce student
learning.
High Quality Physical Education
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 Each teacher must support the crusade for high-
quality daily PE.
 Importance of shaping healthy behaviors, during
the early years; harder to change unhealthy habits.
 Capitalize on current societal interest in wellness,
fitness, and physical activity. Don’t Wait!!!
Advocacy
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 Physical education and sport professionals must
take an active role in promoting their programs.
 Must capitalize on societal interest in sport, physical
fitness, and health otherwise there will be
continued:
decline of PE programs in schools
 increased privatization of sports
 need for health promotion and physical activity programs
in the worksite, community, and medical settings.
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Advocacy
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 Important to market programs to gain support and to
involve more people.
 Our responsibility to address the tremendous disparities that
still exist in physical activity and disease conditions
according to race, ethnicity, age, sex, education, sexual
orientation, ability/disability, and income.
 Increase access to and promotion of quality programs.
 NASPE:
 May is National Physical Fitness and Sports Month
 May 1 to May 7: National Physical Education and Sport Week
 AAHPERD and American Heart Association
 Jump Rope for Heart
 Hoops for Heart
Advocacy
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 National Girls and Women
in Sports Day.
 Passage of state and federal
legislation.
 Use various forms of media
to reach people.
 Contact organizations that
promote physical activity
and health and ask them to
become more “proactive.”
Achievement of National Health
Objectives
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 Work collaboratively with other health professionals
towards the achievement of the national health goals in
Healthy People 2010 and Surgeon General’s Vision for
a Healthy and Fit Nation (2010).
 Personal commitment of physical education and sport
professionals to be role models for healthy, active
lifestyles.
 Attaining these goals will lead to an increased public
recognition of the worth and value of our field, as well
as increased employment opportunities.
Lifespan Involvement for All
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 Expansion of physical
education, sport programs,
and services to new settings
and population groups.
 Preschoolers
 Adults
 Elderly
 Persons with disabilities
 Increased recognition that
regular and appropriate
physical activity can make a
vital contribution to the
health throughout the lives
of all people.
Lifespan Involvement for All
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 Enhancement of quality of life and longevity.
 For maximum benefits, healthy habits should be
developed early in life.
 Growth of sport involvement for all ages and
abilities.
 Changes in our programs to accommodate a wider
range of individual differences.
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Culturally competent and developmentally appropriate
physical education programs.
Lifespan Involvement for All
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 Access to programs for underserved populations is
critical.
Growth of commercial programs for those who can afford
to pay will limit participation by those who can not afford
the fees.
 Access should be available to all individuals regardless of
socioeconomic background.
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 Professional preparation for students to work with
an increasingly diverse population across the
lifespan.
Future Trends
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 How will technological advances influence physical
education, exercise science, and sport?
 What can we do establish jurisdiction over our domain?
 How can we improve our delivery system?
 What is our vision for physical education and sport in
the 21st century?
 Physical education and sport professionals must take an
active role in charting our future goals and working
toward their attainment.
Future
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 Achieving the future of
our choice requires:
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Strong leadership
A charted course designed to
achieve our goals
Marshaled efforts and
resources
Active involvement of
professionals at all levels in
pursuit of theses goals.
Health Promotion & Disease Prevention
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 Wellness Movement
 Individual responsibility for health.
 Integration of several components, including nutrition,
physical activity, stress management, and elimination of
risk factors.
 Increased interest by the corporate and health care sectors
in wellness.
 National Health Reports
 Healthy People 2010 & 2020
 Surgeon General’s Vision for a Healthy and Fit Nation
 Physical Activity and Health
Health Promotion & Disease Prevention
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 Physical Activity and
Fitness Movement
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Increased evidence supporting the
contribution of physical activity to
health.
Must reach children, youths, and
adults leading sedentary lives and
involve them in our programs.
Leadership in physical activity and
fitness.
Further expansion of programs to
nonschool settings.
Health Care Reform
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 In 2008, health care costs
reached over $2.3 trillion
dollars and accounted for over
16% of the GDP. Costs
continue to rise.
 Increase emphasis on early
intervention, health
promotion programs, and
disease prevention to reduce
costs.
 Implement social and
behavioral interventions.
 Chronic disease accounts for
almost 70% of all medical
expenditures.
Education
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 Education should be looked as a lifelong experience
and schools should be the resource for it.
 The structure of school is changing with the increase
in technology and the flexibility it offers.
 Schools need to become the community learning
center, offering programs before and after school,
weekends, and summers.
Education and Physical Education
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To retain physical education
as an integral part of
society, physical educators
must:
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Strengthen physical
education as a significant
part of the educational
curriculum.
Expand instructional
programs to adult learners.
Prepare students to be
lifelong learners.
Play an active role in school
community learning centers.
Technology
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 “Making the future different from the past.”
 Unprecedented efforts on research in our field.
 Use computers to perform a myriad of tasks.
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Record-keeping
Fitness profiling
Database management
 Contribution to improved performance.
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Enhanced skill technique in many sports.
Development of advanced equipment and apparel.
 Biotechnology
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Tissue engineering, muscle fiber typing, cloning
Technology
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 Equipment
 Computerized muscle
ergometers
 Electronic gas analyzers
 E-mail
 Internet
 Multimedia instruction
 Internet telephones
 Distance learning
 World Wide Web
 Virtual reality
 Microcomputers
 Videoconferencing
Changing Demographics
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 Shift in the age distribution of population
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Increasing life expectancy
Declining birthrate
 Growth of population 65 years and over
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1900 ... 4%
1997 ... 12.7%
2025 ... 18.5% estimated
 Growth of population 85 years and older
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From 3.8 million in 1996 to over 7 million in 2025.
 Increase in minorities 65 years and older
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Projected growth from 13% in 1996 to 25% in 2030.
Cultural Diversity
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 Increase in minority population in U.S.
 By 2035, estimated that 40% of population will be comprised of
minorities.
 They face many barriers when accessing health care,
including low socioeconomic status and the language
barrier, thus increasing their risk for disease.
 What will be the impact of minority health on the
nation?
Changing Structure of the Family
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 Increase in number of single parent families.
 Increase in dual career families.
 “Latch-key” children come home after school to little
or no adult supervision.
 Increase in preschool and day care programs.
 Growing threats to the health and well-being of
children and youth.
Drug and alcohol abuse
 Violence
 Child abuse
 Suicide
 Risky sexual behaviors

Changing Populations in Physical Education
and Sport
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 Prepare to work with aging and increasing diverse
population groups.
 Develop culturally competent techniques of
teaching.
 Provide physical activity opportunities for
economically disadvantaged.
 Growth of interrelationships between schools,
families, and health.
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What is the role of physical education, exercise science, and
sport professionals in these relationships?
Preparing for the Future:
Enhancing Our Quality and Effectiveness
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 Establish standards of
competency.
 Develop programs and
services that are flexible to
meet changing needs.
 Develop meaningful
programs to meet today’s
and tomorrow’s needs.
 Reduce ineffective
programs.
 Establish minimum
standards for entry into
professional preparation
programs.
 Provide opportunities for
high quality professional
development.
 System of re-licensure for
professionals.
 Establish professional
accreditation agencies.
 Develop high quality
programs and facilities to
serve as models
Establishment of Jurisdiction
over Our Domain
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 Collaborative leadership and interdisciplinary
endeavors are critical if we are to take a lead in using
physical activity to address societal problems.
 Need to work to solidify our place as prominent
leaders in physical activity.
 Critical to maintain a central focus on competency in
skilled activity.
 Emphasize skill learning and joys of being active
across the lifespan.
Enhancing of our Delivery System
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 Increased responsiveness to individual needs.
 Use of technology and communication advances need to be
reflected in our services.
 “One size fits all approach” versus individualized programs to
meet needs of special populations.
 Closer articulation between school programs and programs
within the community.
 Collaborative research and leadership.
 Enhanced delivery of innovative programs offered in a
culturally competent manner to reach all segments of our
population.
Positive Scenario for Nutrition &
Physical Activity
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 Increase in health promotion
 School, community,
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 Media campaigns.
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programs.
Increase in number of
individuals of all ages who
eat healthy and exercise.
Increase support from
medical community.
Decrease in health
disparities.
Passage of “junk food” tax.
“Healthy” fast food.
Certified fitness and
nutrition staff.
workplace partnerships.
 Tax breaks for services in
poor communities.
 Primary care physician
trained to counsel patients
on physical activity and
nutrition.
 Insurance companies
support costs of using
certified physical activity
providers and registered
dieticians
Negative Scenario for Nutrition and
Physical Activity
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 Decrease funding for health
 Fast food consumption
 Increase health disparities.
 Access to physical activity
promotion programs.
 Lack of partnerships.
 Reduced political support.
 Media campaigns not
funded.
rises.
venues become more
expensive with fewer
options for low-income.
 Access to health care
decreases especially for
underinsured and
uninsured
Preparing for the Future:
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 Professionals in the field must …
 Acquire
proper credentials to establish
jurisdiction over our domain.
 Utilize technological advances to improve our
delivery system.
 Provide for space and underwater living.
 Become a positive role model
 Help persons become increasing responsible
for their own health and fitness.
Preparing for the Future
46
 Professionals in the field must …
 Recognize
that individuals will live longer and become
more fit and active.
 Provide for all persons throughout their lifespan.
 Remember that we are involved with the development
of the whole person.
 Make a commitment to conduct high-quality programs
that are sensitive to individual needs to that physical
education and sport’s potential to enhance the health
and quality of life for all people can be fulfilled.
 Strive for excellence in all your professional endeavors.