Transcript Slide 1

World War Two/Cold War
The End of World War Two
The Beginning of the Cold War
Yalta Conference
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February 1945.
Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin.
Meet at Yalta in the Soviet Union.
• Purpose
Decide the fate of Europe.
–
How to divide Germany.
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Who would control Germany.
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East and West
France/Britain/U.S. West Germany
Soviet Union East Germany
Who would control Berlin.
Who would rebuild Europe.
Stalin agreed to oversee the creation of
new governments in Eastern Europe.
The Atomic Bomb
• The Atomic Bomb
– The first atomic bomb is
exploded in New Mexico on
July 16, 1945.
– Aug. 6, 1945 the first bomb is
dropped on Hiroshima –
73,000 die.
– Aug 9, 1945 the second bomb
is dropped on Nagasaki –
37,500 die.
• The way war is fought is
drastically changed forever.
The Cost of War
• 60 million people left dead.
• 22 million Russians
• 6 million Jews
• 50 million are driven from their homes.
• Damages run into the billions.
Tragedy of War
• 6 million innocent Jews, 5 million Gypsies,
Slavs, handicapped, and others.
• In Nanjing in 1937 the Japanese murdered
250,000 Chinese.
Nuremberg War Trials
• 22 Nazi leaders are
tried for crimes
against humanity.
• The world realizes that
what occurred during
the Holocaust can
never happen again.
• 12 were sentenced to
death.
Creation of the United Nations
• An international
organization to protect
the world against
aggression.
• An international
organization to protect
the people of the
world.
United Nations
• The two main bodies of the United Nations
are:
– The General Assembly
• Consist of representatives of all member countries.
• All representatives have one vote.
– The Security Council
• 15 member nations
• 5 are permanent nations (U.S., Russia, France, Great
Britain, China)
Occupation
• Germany
– In order to prevent
Germany from starting
another war, British,
American, French and
Russian troops were to
occupy Germany.
– Germany would be
split into East and
West.
• Japan
– Japan was forced
demilitarize or disband their
military.
– Tojo was sentenced to
death.
– The U.S. created a
democratic government for
Japan.
– The U.S. gave billions of
dollars to re-build Japan.
Divided Europe
• Two major powers emerged from WWII
– The democratic and capitalistic - U.S.
– The Communist - Soviet Union.
• The political and economic differences of both countries
would lead to the Cold War.
• This conflict between democracy and communism would
spread around the globe resulting in;
– An arms race
– Race to explore space
– Military conflicts in Korea, Vietnam, Africa, and the Middle East.
The Beginning
• The Atomic Bomb
– In 1945 the U.S.
dropped the atomic
bomb on Japan.
– The atomic bomb
ushered in the nuclear
age.
– Once the U.S. obtained
the atomic bomb the
Soviets also began to
start building the
bomb.
The End of World War Two
• The war ends
– At the end of the war
Germany is divided to
stop them from starting
future wars.
– The Soviets control
eastern Germany
– The U.S. and their
allies control western
Germany
– There is tension on
both sides.
Occupation
• Germany
– In order to prevent
Germany from starting
another war, British,
American, French and
Russian troops were to
occupy Germany.
– Germany would be
split into East and
West.
• Japan
– Japan was forced
demilitarize or disband their
military.
– Tojo was sentenced to
death.
– The U.S. created a
democratic government for
Japan.
– The U.S. gave billions of
dollars to re-build Japan.
Divided Europe
• Two major powers emerged from WWII
– The democratic and capitalistic - U.S.
– The Communist - Soviet Union.
• The political and economic differences of both countries
would lead to the Cold War.
• This conflict between democracy and communism would
spread around the globe resulting in;
– An arms race
– Race to explore space
– Military conflicts in Korea, Vietnam, Africa, and the Middle East.
The Growth of Superpowers
Superpowers
• After World War Two the
U.S. and the Soviet Union
emerge as the two
superpowers.
• Superpower is used to
describe the rivalry
between both countries to
dominate world politics.
• Both countries had a
mutual distrust of the
other.
U.S. v Soviets
• The U.S. wanted to
– Promote worldwide
democracy.
– Stop the rise of
communism.
– Open free trade markets to
obtain natural resources.
– Re-build Europe to open
trade markets.
– Create a stable Europe and
unite Germany to stop the
spread of communism.
• The Soviets wanted to
– Promote worldwide
communism.
– Control eastern Europe as
buffer zone to protect the
Soviet Union.
– Control eastern Europe as a
way of countering U.S.
influence in Europe.
– Keep Germany divided.
The U.S. and the Soviets
• Both countries had a mutual distrust of each other.
• The tension between both countries came from
different political and economic thought
– U.S.-Democracy and Capitalism
– Soviets-Communism and Command economy
• Called a “cold war” because an armed conflict
between either superpower never occurred.
The U.S. View
• The United States developed a program
called Containment.
• This policy was first outlined under the
Truman Doctrine.
• It implied that the U.S. would use military
alliances-NATO, economic aid-The
Marshall Plan, and military involvementKorean War/Vietnam War to stop the spread
of Communism in the world
The Soviet View
• The Soviets feared that the western nations
would try to destroy the Soviets and
Communism.
• Stalin distrusted everyone.
• Stalin forced pro-governments on the
countries surrounding Russia like Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and
East Germany.
Summary
• In the 1930’s Germany, Italy and Japan attempt to
build world empires.
• During World War Two new weapons of mass
destruction cause massive loss of life to both
soldiers and civilian populations.
• The brutality of war, killing innocent civilians
which had never been seen in history.
• The world was now divided between democracy
(U.S.) and communism (Soviets)
Early Cold War Tensions
The Iron Curtain
• After the war the Soviets
were responsible for rebuilding Eastern Europe.
• Stalin wanted a buffer
zone in Europe.
• Soon Stalin supported procommunist governments
in eastern Europe.
• Europe became divided
east=communist
west=democracy
• This became known as the
Iron Curtain.
The Iron Curtain
Some of the eastern block
Iron Curtain countries.
Soviet Satellites
• These pro-communist
countries loyal to the
Soviet Union became
known as satellites.
Containment
• Containment is a policy of
blocking the spread of
Soviet influence and
communism in the world
• This is done by giving
economic and military aid
and making alliances to
help countries resist the
Soviets.
• Containment first comes
into play in Greece and
Turkey in 1947.
The Truman Doctrine
• The U.S. pledges to resist
Soviet expansion.
• Communist were moving
into Greece and Turkey.
• Truman asks Congress for
both military and
economic aid to be sent to
these countries resist
communism.
• This was a part of the
containment policy.
The Marshall Plan
• In 1947 massive economic aid
to help rebuild democratic
countries in Europe.
• Billions of $ were spent to help
western European nations
recover from WWII.
• Aid was also offered to
countries like Poland which
were under Soviet controlStalin forbid these countries
from accepting the aid.
• The Marshall Plan was also a
policy of containment.
The Berlin Airlift
• 1st Cold War crisis.
• 1948
• Stalin wanted to force the allies
out of Berlin.
• Soviets closed all land routes
into Berlins
( No food)
• The U.S. and allies showed it’s
support for the Germany and
democracy by flying in supplies
to West Berlin for 11 months.
• Finally the Soviets were forced
to end the blockade.
The Berlin Wall
• The Berlin Airlift lead to a divided Germany.
• Western Germany was supported by the U.S. and
in 1949 became the Federal Republic of Germany.
• In 1961 the East German government built the
Berlin Wall to further divide Germany.
• The wall will become the symbol of the Cold War.
• East German military will shoot anyone trying to
escape to the west.
N.A.T.O. v. Warsaw Pact
• N.A.T.O. (1949)
– Western European
countries formed a
military alliance after
the Berlin Airlift.
– North Atlantic Treaty
Organization.
– Pledged to support
each other with
military support if
attacked.
• Warsaw Pact (1955)
– Made up of the Soviet
Union and seven of it’s
satellites. (Eastern
European countries)
– Pledged to support
each other with
military support if
attacked.
The Soviets control the East
Repression in Eastern Europe
• Stalin and the Soviets
tried to keep tight
control over Eastern
Europe.
• 1950’s Tensions rose
in
– East Germany
– Poland
• Soviets use tanks to
put down revolts.
Repression in Eastern Europe
• Stalin dies in 1953
However….
The new Soviet leader
Nikita Khrushchev takes
Control and continues the
repressions with the
eastern block countries
Repressions in Eastern Europe
• The Soviets kept tight control of Eastern
Europe.
• Some of the Soviet satellites wanted to
break free of Soviet domination.
• In East Germany and Poland revolts were
put down with tanks.
• The Soviets would use force to control the
east.
The Hungarian Revolt
• Imre Nagy a Hungarian
nationalist lead a revolt in
1956.
• Nagy wanted to end one
party communist rule.
• Hungary withdrew from
the Warsaw pact.
• The Soviets sent in troops,
thousands died and the
Soviets kept control of
Hungary.
The Invasion of Czechoslovakia
• In the spring of 1968
Alexander Dubcek called
for liberal reforms and
lessening of communist
control in Czechoslovakia.
• The Czechs wanted to end
censorship and create a
new democratic
constitution.
• The Soviets sent in troops,
took over the government
and restored a communist
dictatorship.
Berlin Wall
• Soviets built a wall
surrounding the
communist zone in
the city of Berlin in
an effort to prevent
East Berliners from
escaping to the
west.
• Symbol of the Cold
War.
Soviet Domination
• It was clear that the Soviets had planned on
using force and military threats to keep the
Eastern Block countries in line and the
communist system of government in tact in
Eastern Europe.
Tensions Heat Up
Cold War Tensions
• Tensions began to flare up between the
communist Soviets and the democratic U.S.
around the world.
• The superpowers supported opposing sides
with troops, economic aid, and advisors.
Arms Race
• During the Cold War both the
U.S. and Soviets raced to build
the biggest and most destructive
weapons.
• This was known as Nuclear
Proliferation.
• Each country spent billions of
dollars on development of
nuclear weapons otherwise
known as weapons of mass
destruction.
• At the height of the Cold War
both countries possessed
enough nuclear weapons to
destroy the earth 14 times over.
MAD
• The reason for the buildup was for both First
Strikes and Mutual
Assured Destruction of
each country.
• If the Soviets planned to
attack the U.S. with
nuclear weapons then the
U.S. would respond with
the same.
• Something needed to be
done to stop the build
up!!!
The Space Race
• In 1957 the Soviets launched Sputnik-the 1st
satellite to orbit the earth.
• The U.S. in an effort to catch up created the
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA)
• 1958 the U.S. launches a satellite
• 1961 the Soviets put a man into space
• 1969 the U.S. puts a man on the moon.
The Space Race
• The Space Race also created an educational
race between both countries.
• The U.S. felt they had fallen behind the
Soviet in education.
• Both science and math were promoted in
public schools and colleges.
• The Space Race also caused a drain in
economic resources for both countries.
Hot Wars during the Cold War
Korea
• After WWII Korea was divided
into North and South.
• The U.S. controlled the
democratic south.
• The Soviets controlled the
communist north.
• In 1949 both the Soviets and the
U.S. left Korea.
• In 1950 North Korea wanted to
unify Korea under a communist
government.
• North Korea invaded South
Korea.
Korea
• The United Nations
supported largely with
U.S. troops fought back
the North Koreans.
• The U.S. pushes the North
Koreans back into China.
• China becomes involved
in the war and sends
troops.
Korea
• By 1953 the war becomes
a stalemate with both
countries in the same
location as before the war
started.
• 38th Parallel which splits
Korea in two is the
dividing line between
communist North and
democratic South .
• Korea remains divided
today and troops from
both sides still occupy the
38th Parallel.
Vietnam
• Vietnam had been a colony of
the French since about 1800.
• During WWII Vietnam (The
Vietminh-a communist
nationalist group headed by Ho
Chi Minh) fought on the side of
the French to drive out the
Japanese.
• At the end of WWII the French
hoped to regain Vietnam.
Instead Ho Chi Minh declared
Vietnam free.
• The Vietminh defeated the
French and drove them out in
1954.
Vietnam
• In 1954 the French
lose control of
Vietnam.
• Vietnam is split in
two. The south
(democratic) headed
by Ngo Dinh Diem.
• The north
(communist) headed
by Ho Chi Minh.
Vietnam
• In 1956 elections were to be held to unify
Vietnam.
• However the U.S. back South Vietnam
government feared that the communist would gain
control of Vietnam and refused to hold the
elections.
• The Viet Cong communist rebels who began to
strike out at the South and Diem were supported
by Ho Chi Minh.
• The U.S. began to send troops to support Diem
against the Viet Cong.
Vietnam
• The communist wanted to
control all of Vietnam.
• To stop communism large
numbers of American
troops were sent to
Vietnam.
• From 1959 to 1975 U.S.
troops served in Vietnam.
In 1969 500,00 troops
were in Vietnam.
Vietnam/Domino Theory
• The U.S. policy for
sending troops to
Vietnam was the fear
that if Vietnam fell to
the communist then all
the other countries in
Southeast Asia would
fall like a domino.
Vietnam
• South Vietnam and the
U.S. were unable to stop
the communist.
• In 1973 President Nixon
orders a cease fire and
begins pulling out troops.
• In 1975 Vietnam is turned
back to the Vietnamese.
(Vietnamization)
• In 1975 the communist
capture all of Vietnam.
Hot War Summary
• While not many hot wars were fought the ones
that were fought were costly to the U.S.
• In Korea communism was contained and there is
still a division between both communist north and
democratic south.
• In Vietnam communism was not contained and
Vietnam fell to the communist. Today both
Vietnam and the U.S. have good relations.
The Cold War in other parts of the
World
South America
Middle East
Africa
South America
Cuba
• In 1898 Cuba gained it’s
independence from Spain.
• Cuba then fell under U.S.
influence for 60 years.
• In 1952 Fulgencio Batista
takes control of the
government
• Batista’s government is
corrupt and repressive.
• Fidel Castro organizes a
guerrilla army to fight
Batista.
Castro
• Castro does the
following after taking
control of the country
in 1959.
– Turns the country into
a communist state.
– Becomes a dictator.
– Allies Cuba with the
Soviet Union.
Bay of Pigs
• Cuba receives aid from the
Soviets which is a direct
threat to the U.S.
• In 1961 the U.S. supports
Cuban nationalist who
want to overthrow Castro.
• The invaders are quickly
defeated. The invasion
fails.
• The U.S. imposes an
embargo on Cuba.
• This pushes Cuba closer to
the Soviets in 1962.
Cuban Missile Crisis
• 1962 Cold War event
whereby the Soviets
built a missile base in
Cuba!
• Americans blockaded
the island and
demanded the removal
of the missiles!
• Peaceful resolution of
dismantling the missile
for an American pledge
not to invade the island
of Cuba.
Contras v. Sandinistas
• Sandinistas
– The Somoza Family
governs Nicaragua
– In 1979 the communist
Sandinistas overthrow
the Somoza Family.
– Daniel Ortega turns
Nicaragua into a
communist nation
– Introduces communist
reforms
• Contras
– In the 1980’s Contras
were a counter
revolutionary group
who wanted to drive
out the Sandinistas.
– Backed by the U.S.
– Contras ad Sandinistas
fought a civil war.
– In 1990 Nicaragua had
free elections.
Africa
• Congo
– 1960 the Congo becomes
independent
– The government is pro U.S.
while the rebels are backed
by the Soviets.
– A anti-Communist dictator,
Mobutu Sese Seko takes
control, renames the
country Zaire and is
supported by the west until
the late 1990’s.
• Angola
– During and after a civil war
in Angola the Soviets and
Cuba sent troops to back the
pro-communist rebels.
– The rebels established a
communist dictatorship
with the aid of Soviet’s and
Cuba.
– The U.S. tried to destabilize
the government with little
success.
Non-Aligned Nations
• Nations which chose
not to align themselves
with either superpower
during the Cold War
were known as nonaligned nations.
• They wanted to make
economic progress.
• India, Yugoslavia, and
many African nations.
End of the Cold War
Détente/Star Wars/Glasnost
Detente
• In the early 70’s there
was a lessening of
tensions between the
U.S. and Soviets.
• Nixon traveled to both
China and USSR.
• SALT (Strategic Arms
Limitations Talks)
begin to reduce
nuclear weapons.
SALT
• The SALT Treaties do
limit the amount and
types of nuclear
weapons.
• People begin to
breathe easier.
• Until Pres. Reagan
Problems in the Soviet Union
• The Soviet economy is
failing.
• Too much $$$$ spent
on defense and nuclear
weapons.
Afghanistan
• The Soviets invade Afghanistan
in 1979.
• The war goes badly.
• Majahideen, Afghani rebels
fighting Soviet forces in 1979;
• American provided the rebels
with supplies and military
training;
• The majahideen successfully
prevented a Soviet invasion of
Afghanistan.
• This is the Soviet’s
Vietnam. They leave in 1989.
End to Detente
• With the war in Afghanistan the U.S. and
the Soviets cooled their relationship with
one another.
• Both sides began to go back to their old
Cold War ways of building their military.
• The U.S. began the Star wars program while
the Soviets began to weapons in response.
Star Wars
• Pres. Reagan is a Cold
War Warrior.
• Decides to construct a
Star Wars Defense
system to stop nuclear
attacks. (While not
directly aimed at the
Soviets the Soviets see
this as a threat)
Gorbachev
• A young conservative
with new ideas for the
Soviet Union.
• He wanted to
encourage social and
economic changes in
the Soviet Union.
Glasnost
• Gorbachev's policy of
"openness"; a social
and economic plan
that promoted the free
flow of ideas and
information with the
hopes of reform and
progress.
Perestroika
• Gorbachev's economic
restructuring plan that
aimed to reform the
central planning
process of
communism by
allowing capitalist
elements such as small
private businesses and
more free enterprise.
Democratization
• The process of adding
free elections and a
representative
government.
• Several Soviet states
break free of the
Soviet Union forming
their own independent
nations
– Lithuania
– Belarus
Poland and Solidarity
• Polish ship year trade union
turned anti-communist calling
for political changes.
• They were led by Lech Walesa.
• The movement was called
Solidarity.
• Workers walked off their jobs.
• Finally in 1989 the Solidarity
movement lead to free elections
in Poland.
Reunification of Germany
• In 1989 the Berlin Wall
falls. East and West Berlin
were united.
• In 1990 communism falls
in East Germany.
• There is reunification of
Germany once it promises
the world that they are
dedicated to democracy
and peace.
The Fall of Communism
• In 1991 many hated
Gorbachev’s reforms.
• Boris Yeltsin had also been
elected president and Yeltsin
demanded a constitutional state.
• Yeltsin tried to take over the
government but failed.
• Gorbachev however resigned
turning the government over to
Yeltsin.
• The Soviet states began to
break away and the Soviet
Union and communism were
over in Russia.
Problems at the End of the Cold War
Yugoslavia and the Balkans
• After the death of Josef Tito, the Communist leader of
Yugoslavia and the break up of the Soviet Union countries
under Yugoslavia broke away.
• Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina all became
independent states.
• This break up lead to fighting between these new nations.
• Serbs (Christians) began to attack non-Serbian people
especially Bosnians (Muslims).
• This lead to an ethnic cleansing or a genocide.
• Both NATO and the UN had to step in to stop the
genocide.