Transcript EOCEP Review - South Pointe High School

EOCEP Review
USHC-10.1
• Summarize key events in United States
foreign policy from the end of the Reagan
administration to the present, including
changes to Middle East policy, the impact
of United States involvement in the
Persian Gulf, and the rise of global
terrorism.
Ally of Israel
Peace Broker between
• Israel
• P.L.O. –
Palestinian
Liberation
Organization
Main reason for interest in
Middle East
Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988
• U. S. sends navy to
Persian Gulf and
Strait of Hormuz to
protect shipment of
Kuwaiti oil
Iran-Contra Affair
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Exec Branch sells weapons to Iran in exchange for release of Am. Hostages
(held by Hezbollah)
Some profits diverted to anti-Sandanista (Contras) of Nicaragua (illegal to
directly fund)
Secretary of Defense Weinberger convicted – pardoned by H.W. Bush
Operation Desert Storm - 1991
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Iraq invades Kuwait 1990
We go in to protect them and oil – 1991
Also known as first Persian Gulf War
Under H.W.
W.M.D.s
• Clinton and U.N. 1998 suspect Iraq of
same
• 4 day bombing
Iraq War - 2003
• Excuse to start WMDs
• Get Saddam Hussein out of power
• We are still there
Eastern Europe –
Yugoslavia splits up
U.S. Involvement
• N.A.T.O. (North Atlantic Treaty
Organizatio)
• Serbians perform “ethnic cleansing” of
Bosnian Muslims
• Serbodan Miliosevic – Serbian leader
• Ethnic Albanians in Kosovo – then part of
Serbia – also treated very badly
• U.S. sends troops to end ethnic fighting
Terrorism and the U.S.
• Prior to 1970 domestic – Ku Klux Klan,
anti-war protestors,
• Changes as we become more involved in
Middle East
Some Events
• 1983 – Capitol building bombed –
response to U.S. invasion of Grenada
• 1993 – Islamists set off bomb in World
Trade Towers
• 9/11/2001 – WTC – attacked – 2 planes
– Another strikes Pentagon
– Fourth crashes in PA
“War on Terrorism”
• October 2001 – go after al-Qaeda in
Afghanistan
• Department of Homeland Security
established
Recession
• Drop in economic activity lasting about six
months
• Disparity between production and
consumption
• Govt will step in to keep from getting too
bad
Govt Help
• Tax Cuts
• Interest rate adjustments
National Debt
• Government borrows more for programs
than it takes in (taxes)
• Under H.W. – tax cuts, economic
downturn, and military spending pushed it
to historic levels
• Under Clinton was actually reduced
Organized Labor
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American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
Decline in membership since 1950s
Foreign competition = lower wages
Less strikes – more negotiations – job
security
Economic Disparity
• 2007 Fair Labor Standards Act
• Gradually increase minimum wage to
$7.25 an hour (July 2009)
Decline of Industry
WHY???
• U.S. companies decide to invest in foreign
factories
• Not U.S. factories
• Cost of doing business cheaper = more
profit for them
• Growth of service industries during this
time
NAFTA
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North American Free Trade Agreeement
1992 signed – effective 1994
Eliminate trade barriers U.S. Can, Mex
Result? Small effect on economic growth –
we have lost jobs
Social and Cultural Changes –
1950s
Consumerism
Domesticity
“baby boom”
• 20% increase in population
• Leave city go to suburbs (possible Levitt
builders)
• Inexpensive homes and GI bill
Role of Women
• Stay home focus on family
• If went to college – got married – then
family
• In college – get married drop out
• 40% of women were in workplace –
secretarie – teachers, nurses
• Paid less than men
• Dissatisfaction with gives rise to women’s
movement of 1960s
Religion
• Rise in religious affiliation (63%)
• Ben Hur – The Robe
• More went to church than did not
• This even though rise in consumerism
National Interstate and Defense
Highway Act
Leads to
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More travel
Suburbanization
Love affair with cars
Motels
Family vacations – in car
(incidentally decline of national railway
system and public transportation)
The American Dream
Not available to all
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20% in poverty
Sharecroppers in south – poor
African Ams continue migration to north
White flight
More segregation
Education
• G.I. bill – direct payment to vets to attend
college
• Revamp public education – stress reading,
math, science
• National Defense Education Act
– Result of Sputnik
– Feared Soviets would dominate technology
Cold War Policies
• 1945-1991
• Struggle between U.S. & Soviet Union
• Propaganda and support conflicts between
democracies and communist govts
Truman Doctrine
• Containment of Communism
• Use finances to build economies
• Thus promote capitalism – not
communism
Marshall Plan
• After WWII
• European Recovery Plan
• Technical and economic assistance to
rebuild Europe
NATO – 1949
fear of communist attack
Warsaw Pact – 1955
result W. Germany joins NATO
The Berlin Blockade
• 1948 Western zones
of Germany joined
• USSR sees as threat
to East
• Response block
western entrance to
Berlin (deep in
communist territory)
Berlin Airlift
Berlin Wall
Remembering E. German refugee
killed by border guards
The Korean War
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Korea divided after WWII
Soviet and U.S.
38th parallel line
1950 – North invades South
1st conflict of Cold War
War lasts 3 years
No peace treaty ever signed
McCarthyism
• Senator Joseph
McCarthy – WI
• Campaign against
communists
• House UnAmerican
Affairs Committee
• Accuse people of
communist affiliation
• Blacklists
• Jailed, no passports,
ruined careers
The Middle East
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Palestine – after WWI controlled by Brits
Jews move to area – conflict increases
By 1936 over 1/3 Jewish
1948 – U.N. creates state of Israel
Holocaust draws U.S. support for same
Arab countries try to end - lose
Suez Canal Crisis - 1956
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Egypt nationalizes canal
Britain,France, and Israel not happy
Orchestrate a conflict – invade Egypt
U.S. and Soviets broker peace deal
P.L.O.
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Palestinian Liberation Organization
1964 –
Take Palestine back from Israel
Yasser Arafat
1967 – 6 day war – Israel wins gets more
land
• Camp David Accords 1977(Jimmy Carter)
– return land to Egypt (Begin and Sadat)
Cuba
Bay of Pigs Invasion
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Cuba – Communist 1959 and Fidel Castro
Cubans in U.S. wanted him out
Invade with U.S. support in 1961
Lose – embarrass admin (Kennedy)
Cuban Missile Crisis
• 1962 – Soviets install missiles on Cuba –
that can reach the U.S.
• U.S. response blockade of Cuba
Vietnam Conflict (War)
Vietnam – a brief history
• Prior to WWII French colony
• WWII – Japanese controlled
• After – French want it back – but
Vietnamese had other plans
• U.S. supports French and Vietnamese in
South - Soviets and Chinese support
North Communists
• Divided in half
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
• 1964
• U.S. alleged naval ships attacked by North
Vietnam
• Johnson sends U.S. planes against
attackers
• Congress passes resolution that in effect
gives pres a blank check to pursue the war
• That the Congress approves and supports
the determination of the President, as
Commander in Chief, to take all necessary
measures to repel any armed attack
against the forces of the United States and
to prevent further aggression.
• Sec. 3. This resolution shall expire when
the President shall determine that the
peace and security of the area is
reasonably assured by international
conditions created by action of the United
Nations or otherwise, except that it may be
terminated earlier by concurrent resolution
of the Congress.
Domino Theory
• If one country in S.E. Asia falls to
Communism all will
• So we need to keep Vietnam democratic –
at all costs
Tet Offensive
• 1968 all out attack by the North
• Turning point in war
• North loses – but war comes into U.S.
living rooms big time
• War protests grow – forcing govt to rethink
• 1975 war ends
Protests
Kent State - 1970
New Frontier
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Kennedy
Raise minimum wage
Peace Corps
Alliance for Progress (South America)
Pushes space program forward
Great Society
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LBJ (Johnson)
More money for public education
Civil rights legislation
War on poverty
Medicare and medicaid
Richard Nixon
• EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
• Protect parks and wildlife
• OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health
Administration)
• National speed limit to 55 (1973)
Détente
• Easing of bad feelings between U.S. and
Soviets
• Nixon normalizes relations between U.S.
and China
• Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
• Carter Doctrine – no foreign power should
control Persian Gulf (oil)
• 1981 – Iranian Hostage Crisis
Some Background
• FDR – Fair Employment Practices
Commission – forbade discrimination in
workplace – during wartime – peacetime
went away
• Truman desegregates military after WWII
Civil Rights Movement
• Goal end segregation
• Plessy v Ferguson – 1896 – separate but
equal OK
• 1954 Brown v Board of Ed – overturns
Plessy decision – its not OK
• So to next level – not OK in ed. not OK
anywhere - sit ins, marches, etc. to
protest
Central High School,
Little Rock, AR
1962 – James Meredith
University of Mississippi
Montgomery Bus Boycott
March on Washington 1963
http://www.mlkonline.net/sounds/dream2.ram
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
ended legal discrimination based on race
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
poll taxes out – literacy test out
The Women’s Movement
• Inspired by Civil Rights movement (as was
anti-war movement of Vietnam era)
Betty Friedan Feminine Mystique
- define “problem that
has no name”
- more to life than
marriage and children
Gloria Steinem
• Ms magazine
• Awareness of
women’s issues
• NOW – National
Organization for
Women
• End institutional
discrimination in
workplace
• Awareness of
stereotypes of women
ERA
Equal Rights Amendment
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First proposed 1920s
End discrimination based on gender
Passed Senate but not ¾ of states
So no federal law – but some states have
Roe v Wade - 1973
• Supreme Court decision about abortion
• Ruled 14th amendment guaranteed privacy
• Medical decisions are private decisions
Other Movements
• Native American
• Americans with disabilities
• Mexican American farm workers – leader
Cesar Chavez
Migration