Transcript Document

Warm-Up – 1/13 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the
following questions:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
What are the two types of induction systems used on
an aircraft?
What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type
carburetor?
Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what
position is the fuel/air mixture set?
Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the
aircraft gains altitude?
Describe what must be done to the mixture as an
aircraft descends from high altitude?
Questions / Comments
Warm-Up – 1/13 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the
following questions:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
What are the two types of induction systems used on
an aircraft?
What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type
carburetor?
Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what
position is the fuel/air mixture set?
Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the
aircraft gains altitude?
Describe what must be done to the mixture as an
aircraft descends from high altitude?
Aircraft Systems
Induction Systems
• Two types of induction
systems are commonly
used in small aircraft
engines:
• 1. The carburetor system,
which mixes the fuel and
air in the carburetor
before this mixture
enters the intake
manifold.
Aircraft Systems
Induction Systems
• 2. The fuel injection
system, which mixes the
fuel and air immediately
before entry into each
cylinder or injects fuel
directly into each
cylinder.
Warm-Up – 1/13 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the
following questions:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
What are the two types of induction systems used on
an aircraft?
What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type
carburetor?
Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what
position is the fuel/air mixture set?
Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the
aircraft gains altitude?
Describe what must be done to the mixture as an
aircraft descends from high altitude?
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Systems
• The chief disadvantage of the float carburetor,
however, is its icing tendency.
Warm-Up – 1/13 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the
following questions:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
What are the two types of induction systems used on
an aircraft?
What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type
carburetor?
Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what
position is the fuel/air mixture set?
Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the
aircraft gains altitude?
Describe what must be done to the mixture as an
aircraft descends from high altitude?
Aircraft Systems
Mixture Control
• Carburetors are normally calibrated at sea-level
pressure, where the correct fuel-to-air mixture
ratio is established with the mixture control set
in the FULL RICH position.
Warm-Up – 1/13 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the
following questions:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
What are the two types of induction systems used on
an aircraft?
What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type
carburetor?
Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what
position is the fuel/air mixture set?
Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the
aircraft gains altitude?
Describe what must be done to the mixture as an
aircraft descends from high altitude?
Aircraft Systems
Mixture Control
• However, as altitude increases, the density of air
entering the carburetor decreases, while the
density of the fuel remains the same.
Warm-Up – 1/13 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the
following questions:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
What are the two types of induction systems used on
an aircraft?
What is the chief disadvantage of a float-type
carburetor?
Where are carburetors normally calibrated and what
position is the fuel/air mixture set?
Describe what happens to the fuel mixture as the
aircraft gains altitude?
Describe what must be done to the mixture as an
aircraft descends from high altitude?
Aircraft Systems
Mixture Control
• During a descent from high altitude, the mixture
must be enriched, or it may become too lean.
Questions / Comments
THIS DAY IN AVIATION

January 13
• 1906 — The first air
exhibition of the Aero Club
of America opens for eight
days in the Sixty-ninth
Regiment Armory in New
York City.
• The Wrights are asked to
send the motor that
powered their 1903 flying
machine but can only
salvage the crankshaft
and flywheel.
THIS DAY IN AVIATION

January 13
• 1908 — The first
European to fly one
kilometer in a circle is
Henri Farman in his
Voisin-Farman airplane.
Farman's 1-minute 28second flight wins him the
Grand Prix d'Aviation
Deutsche-Archdeacon
race in France.
THIS DAY IN AVIATION

January 13
• 1942 — The Sikorsky
XR-4, the USAAF's first
helicopter, made its
initial flight with its
creator, Igor Sikorsky at
the controls.
Questions / Comments
January 2015
SUNDAY
4
11
MONDAY
5
TUESDAY
6
WEDNESDAY
7
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
Powerplants
Propellers
12
13
14
THURSDAY
FRIDAY
SATURDAY
1
2
3
8
9
10
Chapter 6
Induction / Carb
Systems
15
16
Chapter 6
Chap 6 Test
NO SCHOOL
Carb Icing and
Heating
1st Semester
17
2nd Quarter
Ends
Grades Due
18
19
20
NO SCHOOL
25
26
27
21
22
23
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
Ignition / Oil
Systems
Fuel Systems
28
29
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
Electrical
Systems
Hydraulic
Systems
30
24
31
Questions / Comments
Chapter 6 – Aircraft Systems
FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
Today’s Mission Requirements
 Mission:

Identify in writing the primary systems found on most aircraft.

Describe the basic operation and characteristics of the primary
aircraft systems.

EQ:
Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the
student pilot learning to fly.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Icing
• As mentioned earlier, one
disadvantage of the floattype carburetor is its icing
tendency.
• Carburetor ice occurs due
to the effect of fuel
vaporization and the
decrease in air pressure in
the venturi, which causes a
sharp temperature drop in
the carburetor.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Icing
• If water vapor in the air
condenses when the
carburetor temperature is
at or below freezing, ice
may form on internal
surfaces of the carburetor,
including the throttle valve.
• The reduced air pressure,
as well as the vaporization
of fuel, contributes to the
temperature decrease in
the carburetor.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Icing
• Ice generally forms in the
vicinity of the throttle valve
and in the venturi throat.
• This restricts the flow of
the fuel/air mixture and
reduces power.
• If enough ice builds up, the
engine may cease to
operate.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Icing
• Carburetor ice is most
likely to occur when
temperatures are below 70
degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or
21 degrees Celsius (°C)
and the relative humidity is
above 80 percent.
• Icing can occur even with
temperatures as high as
100 °F (38 °C) and humidity
as low as 50 percent.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Icing
• This temperature drop can
be as much as 60 to 70 °F
(15 to 21 °C).
• Therefore, at an outside air
temperature of 100 °F (37
°C), a temperature drop of
70 °F (21 °C) results in an
air temperature in the
carburetor of 30 °F (-1 °C).
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Icing
• The first indication of
carburetor icing in an
aircraft with a fixed-pitch
propeller is a decrease in
engine rpm, which may be
followed by engine
roughness.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Icing
• In an aircraft with a
constant-speed propeller,
carburetor icing is usually
indicated by a decrease in
manifold pressure, but no
reduction in rpm.
• Although carburetor ice
can occur during any
phase of flight, it is
particularly dangerous
when using reduced power
during a descent.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Icing
• Under certain conditions,
carburetor ice could build
unnoticed until power is
added.
• To combat the effects of
carburetor ice, engines
with float-type carburetors
employ a carburetor heat
system.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Heating
• Carburetor heat is an
anti-icing system that
preheats the air
before it reaches the
carburetor, and is
intended to keep the
fuel/air mixture above
the freezing
temperature to
prevent the formation
of carburetor ice.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Heating
• Carburetor heat can be
used to melt ice that has
already formed in the
carburetor if the
accumulation is not too
great, but using carburetor
heat as a preventative
measure is the better
option.
• The carburetor heat should
be checked during the
engine runup.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Heating
• If detected, full
carburetor heat
should be applied
immediately, and it
should be left in
the ON position
until the pilot is
certain all the ice
has been
removed.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Heating
• The use of carburetor
heat causes a decrease
in engine power,
sometimes up to 15
percent, because the
heated air is less dense
than the outside air that
had been entering the
engine.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Heating
• When ice is present in
an aircraft with a fixedpitch propeller and
carburetor heat is being
used, there is a
decrease in rpm,
followed by a gradual
increase in rpm as the
ice melts.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Heating
• The engine also should
run more smoothly after
the ice has been
removed.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Heating
• It is imperative for a pilot
to recognize carburetor
ice when it forms during
flight because a loss of
power, altitude, and/or
airspeed will occur.
• These symptoms may
sometimes be
accompanied by vibration
or engine roughness.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Heating
• Once a power loss is
noticed, immediate action
should be taken to eliminate
ice already formed in the
carburetor, and to prevent
further ice formation.
• Applying full carburetor
heat, which will cause a
further reduction in power,
and possibly engine
roughness as melted ice
goes through the engine.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Heating
• These symptoms may last
from 30 seconds to several
minutes, depending on the
severity of the icing.
• Carburetor heat must remain
in the full-hot position until
normal power returns.
Aircraft Systems
Outside Temperature Gauge
• Most aircraft are also
equipped with an outside air
temperature (OAT) gauge
calibrated in both degrees
Celsius and Fahrenheit.
• It provides the outside or
ambient air temperature for
calculating true airspeed,
and also is useful in
detecting potential icing
conditions.
Aircraft Systems
Fuel Injection Systems
• In a fuel injection system, the fuel is injected
directly into the cylinders, or just ahead of the
intake valve.
Aircraft Systems
Fuel Injection Systems
• A fuel injection system
usually incorporates six
basic components:
• an engine-driven fuel
pump
• a fuel/air control unit
• fuel manifold (fuel
distributor)
• discharge nozzles
• an auxiliary fuel pump
• fuel pressure/flow
indicators.
Aircraft Systems
Fuel Injection Systems
• The auxiliary fuel pump provides fuel under
pressure to the fuel/air control unit for engine
starting and/or emergency use.
Aircraft Systems
Fuel Injection Systems
• After starting, the engine-driven fuel pump
provides fuel under pressure from the fuel tank to
the fuel/air control unit.
Aircraft Systems
Fuel Injection Systems
• This control unit, which essentially replaces the
carburetor, meters fuel based on the mixture
control setting, and sends it to the fuel manifold
valve at a rate controlled by the throttle.
Aircraft Systems
Fuel Injection Systems
• After reaching the fuel manifold valve, the fuel is
distributed to the individual fuel discharge
nozzles.
Aircraft Systems
Fuel Injection Systems
• The discharge nozzles, which are located in each
cylinder head, inject the fuel/air mixture directly
into each cylinder intake port.
Aircraft Systems
Fuel Injection Systems
• A fuel injection system is considered to be less
susceptible to icing than the carburetor system.
Aircraft Systems
Fuel Injection Systems
• Advantages of fuel injection:
• Reduction in evaporative
icing
• Better fuel flow
• Faster throttle response
• Precise control of mixture
• Better fuel distribution
• Easier cold weather starts
Aircraft Systems
Fuel Injection Systems
• Disadvantages of fuel
injection:
• Difficulty in starting a hot
engine
• Vapor locks during
ground operations on hot
days
• Problems associated with
restarting an engine that
quits because of fuel
starvation
Class Summary – Icing / Heaters
• Carburetor ice occurs
due to the effect of fuel
vaporization and the
decrease in air pressure
in the venturi, which
causes a sharp
temperature drop in the
carburetor.
Class Summary
Carburetor Heating
• Carburetor heat is an
anti-icing system that
preheats the air
before it reaches the
carburetor, and is
intended to keep the
fuel/air mixture above
the freezing
temperature to
prevent the formation
of carburetor ice.
Questions / Comments
Lesson Closure - 3 – 2 - 1
3. List 3 things you
learned today.
2. List 2 things you
have questions about
today’s lesson.
1. Create (1) quiz
question with
answer about
today’s lesson.
Warm up
•
1. What Causes Ice to form inside the venturi?
•
2. What is the first indication of carburetor icing?
•
3. What can be used to melt ice in the carburetor?
•
4. What kind of system is less susceptible to icing?
•
5. What are the six major components of a fuel injection system?
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Icing
• As mentioned earlier, one
disadvantage of the floattype carburetor is its icing
tendency.
• Carburetor ice occurs due
to the effect of fuel
vaporization and the
decrease in air pressure in
the venturi, which causes a
sharp temperature drop in
the carburetor.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Icing
• If water vapor in the air
condenses when the
carburetor temperature is
at or below freezing, ice
may form on internal
surfaces of the carburetor,
including the throttle valve.
• The reduced air pressure,
as well as the vaporization
of fuel, contributes to the
temperature decrease in
the carburetor.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Icing
• Ice generally forms in the
vicinity of the throttle valve
and in the venturi throat.
• This restricts the flow of
the fuel/air mixture and
reduces power.
• If enough ice builds up, the
engine may cease to
operate.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Icing
• Carburetor ice is most
likely to occur when
temperatures are below 70
degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or
21 degrees Celsius (°C)
and the relative humidity is
above 80 percent.
• Icing can occur even with
temperatures as high as
100 °F (38 °C) and humidity
as low as 50 percent.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Icing
• This temperature drop can
be as much as 60 to 70 °F
(15 to 21 °C).
• Therefore, at an outside air
temperature of 100 °F (37
°C), a temperature drop of
70 °F (21 °C) results in an
air temperature in the
carburetor of 30 °F (-1 °C).
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Icing
• The first indication of
carburetor icing in an
aircraft with a fixed-pitch
propeller is a decrease in
engine rpm, which may be
followed by engine
roughness.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Icing
• In an aircraft with a
constant-speed propeller,
carburetor icing is usually
indicated by a decrease in
manifold pressure, but no
reduction in rpm.
• Although carburetor ice
can occur during any
phase of flight, it is
particularly dangerous
when using reduced power
during a descent.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Icing
• Under certain conditions,
carburetor ice could build
unnoticed until power is
added.
• To combat the effects of
carburetor ice, engines
with float-type carburetors
employ a carburetor heat
system.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Heating
• Carburetor heat is an
anti-icing system that
preheats the air
before it reaches the
carburetor, and is
intended to keep the
fuel/air mixture above
the freezing
temperature to
prevent the formation
of carburetor ice.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Heating
• Carburetor heat can be
used to melt ice that has
already formed in the
carburetor if the
accumulation is not too
great, but using carburetor
heat as a preventative
measure is the better
option.
• The carburetor heat should
be checked during the
engine runup.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Heating
• If detected, full
carburetor heat
should be applied
immediately, and it
should be left in
the ON position
until the pilot is
certain all the ice
has been
removed.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Heating
• The use of carburetor
heat causes a decrease
in engine power,
sometimes up to 15
percent, because the
heated air is less dense
than the outside air that
had been entering the
engine.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Heating
• When ice is present in
an aircraft with a fixedpitch propeller and
carburetor heat is being
used, there is a
decrease in rpm,
followed by a gradual
increase in rpm as the
ice melts.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Heating
• The engine also should
run more smoothly after
the ice has been
removed.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Heating
• It is imperative for a pilot
to recognize carburetor
ice when it forms during
flight because a loss of
power, altitude, and/or
airspeed will occur.
• These symptoms may
sometimes be
accompanied by vibration
or engine roughness.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Heating
• Once a power loss is
noticed, immediate action
should be taken to eliminate
ice already formed in the
carburetor, and to prevent
further ice formation.
• Applying full carburetor
heat, which will cause a
further reduction in power,
and possibly engine
roughness as melted ice
goes through the engine.
Aircraft Systems
Carburetor Heating
• These symptoms may last
from 30 seconds to several
minutes, depending on the
severity of the icing.
• Carburetor heat must remain
in the full-hot position until
normal power returns.
Aircraft Systems
Outside Temperature Gauge
• Most aircraft are also
equipped with an outside air
temperature (OAT) gauge
calibrated in both degrees
Celsius and Fahrenheit.
• It provides the outside or
ambient air temperature for
calculating true airspeed,
and also is useful in
detecting potential icing
conditions.
Aircraft Systems
Fuel Injection Systems
• In a fuel injection system, the fuel is injected
directly into the cylinders, or just ahead of the
intake valve.
Aircraft Systems
Fuel Injection Systems
• A fuel injection system
usually incorporates six
basic components:
• an engine-driven fuel
pump
• a fuel/air control unit
• fuel manifold (fuel
distributor)
• discharge nozzles
• an auxiliary fuel pump
• fuel pressure/flow
indicators.
Aircraft Systems
Fuel Injection Systems
• The auxiliary fuel pump provides fuel under
pressure to the fuel/air control unit for engine
starting and/or emergency use.
Aircraft Systems
Fuel Injection Systems
• After starting, the engine-driven fuel pump
provides fuel under pressure from the fuel tank to
the fuel/air control unit.
Aircraft Systems
Fuel Injection Systems
• This control unit, which essentially replaces the
carburetor, meters fuel based on the mixture
control setting, and sends it to the fuel manifold
valve at a rate controlled by the throttle.
Aircraft Systems
Fuel Injection Systems
• After reaching the fuel manifold valve, the fuel is
distributed to the individual fuel discharge
nozzles.
Aircraft Systems
Fuel Injection Systems
• The discharge nozzles, which are located in each
cylinder head, inject the fuel/air mixture directly
into each cylinder intake port.
Aircraft Systems
Fuel Injection Systems
• A fuel injection system is considered to be less
susceptible to icing than the carburetor system.
Aircraft Systems
Fuel Injection Systems
• Advantages of fuel injection:
• Reduction in evaporative
icing
• Better fuel flow
• Faster throttle response
• Precise control of mixture
• Better fuel distribution
• Easier cold weather starts
Aircraft Systems
Fuel Injection Systems
• Disadvantages of fuel
injection:
• Difficulty in starting a hot
engine
• Vapor locks during
ground operations on hot
days
• Problems associated with
restarting an engine that
quits because of fuel
starvation
Class Summary – Icing / Heaters
• Carburetor ice occurs
due to the effect of fuel
vaporization and the
decrease in air pressure
in the venturi, which
causes a sharp
temperature drop in the
carburetor.
Class Summary
Carburetor Heating
• Carburetor heat is an
anti-icing system that
preheats the air
before it reaches the
carburetor, and is
intended to keep the
fuel/air mixture above
the freezing
temperature to
prevent the formation
of carburetor ice.
Class Summary
Fuel Injection Systems
• In a fuel injection system, the fuel is injected
directly into the cylinders, or just ahead of the
intake valve.
Class Summary
Fuel Injection Systems
• Advantages of fuel injection:
• Reduction in evaporative
icing
• Better fuel flow
• Faster throttle response
• Precise control of mixture
• Better fuel distribution
• Easier cold weather starts
Class Summary
Fuel Injection Systems
• Disadvantages of fuel
injection:
• Difficulty in starting a hot
engine
• Vapor locks during
ground operations on hot
days
• Problems associated with
restarting an engine that
quits because of fuel
starvation
Warm up
• 1. What Causes Ice to form inside the venturi?
• 2. What is the first indication of carburetor icing?
• 3. What can be used to melt ice in the carburetor?
• 4. What kind of system is less susceptible to icing?
• 5. What are the six major components of a fuel injection system?
10 questions
1. What Causes Ice to form inside the venturi?
2. What is the first indication of carburetor icing?
3. What can be used to melt ice in the carburetor?
4. What kind of system is less susceptible to icing?
5. What are the six major components of a fuel injection
system?
6. What provides fuel under pressure to the fuel/air control
unit for engine starting and/or emergency use?
7. What replaces the carburetor and sends it to the fuel
manifold valve at a rate controlled by the throttle?
8. What injects the fuel/air mixture directly into each
cylinder intake port
9. Is the fuel injection system less susceptible to icing?
10. Carburetor heat is what type of system?