Transcript Document

Practical Integrated Development
Integrated development concepts.
Terry Manning
NGO Stichting Bakens Verzet (Another Way)
[email protected]
Summary
1. About integrated development.
2. Project structures.
3. Costs and benefits.
1. About integrated development.
1.1 Development of structures.
1.2 Purpose.
1.3 Mobilisation of local populations.
1.4 The three project levels.
1.5 Schematic view of a project area.
1.6 Schematic view of a regional project.
1.7 Division of tasks at each level.
1.1 Development of structures.
It’s all about structures.
“Reform is not an event, it is a process.”
(Kofi Annan, report of the Secretary-General to the United Nations Assembly
A/51/950 14 July, 1997, par. 25)
Once the proposed enabling social, financial, productive and service
structures are in place in each project area, the local populations
possess instruments enabling them to decide for themselves what
they want to do.
Integrated development involves a structural reform process.
Traditional aid projects try to provide solutions to specific problems.
They are not holistic.
1.2 Purpose of integrated development
projects.
Purpose : to create a cooperative,
interest-free, inflation-free local
economic environment in each project
area where private initiative and
genuine competition are free to flourish.
FINANCIAL LEAKAGE OUT OF PROJECT AREAS
IS BLOCKED
1.3 Mobilisation of local populations.
The local people themselves plan, execute,
run, manage and pay for all structures.
They are assisted during the initial project
execution period by a (very) small team of
experts led by a local project coordinator.
Each structure operates autonomously at
each level in its own way and its own speed.
Basic activities and duties are common to all like
structures.
1.4 The three levels of structures.
Three levels (in addition to individual families):
Basic level : tank commission.
(50 famililes – 250 persons – anthropological justification :
Extended family : developed in Mesopotamia about 13.000 years ago.
Intermediate level : well commission.
(350 families – 1.500-2.000 persons – anthropological justification :
Groups of clans with chief and a first level of specialisation of activities,
developed about 7.500 years ago.
Project level.
(10.000 families – 50.000 persons – anthropological justification :
Greek city-state with advanced specialisation of activities : formed about 3.500
years ago.
Level of self-sufficiency (Aristotle).
1.5 Schematic view of a project area.
Project level
Numbers are
rarely
critical
(50.000 people)
Well-commission
level (1.500 people)
Tank-commission
level (250 people)
One per project
NGO Stichting
Bakens Verzet
Netherlands
About 35/project
About 200/project
1.7 Project structures at each level.
(A few typical examples)
The subsidiarity principle always applies.
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Tank commissions
Well commissions
Project level
Health clubs/hygiene education
Drinking water
Family sanitation
Rainwater harvesting
Local money assistants
Management of well sites
Drinking water supply back-up
Washing places
Water sampling
Registration local money
transactions
Supervision and statistics
Maintenance & statistics
Training for housewives
Water testing
Local money statistics
Inter-project relations
Conflict resolution
Conflict resolution
About 15% of grants
Project-level safety net
Statistics
Local hsopital
Trade schools,
propadeuse for University
Local radio station
Project level competition
Cultural circuits
Export/import cooperatives
Collection of contributions
Collection of loan repayments
About 60% of micro-credit grants
First-level social safety net
Production bio-mass for local use
Nurse
Primary school
Lighting for study purposes
Sports clubs
Theatres, cultural groups
Personal food storage facility
About 25% micro-credits
Second level social safety net
Production of mini-briquettes
Doctor
Secondary school
Radio-telephone links
Intermediate facilities
Physical Facilities
Cooperative food storage
2. Typical project structures for each
project area.
Project structures are set up in a critical
order of sequence :
First the
2.1 SOCIAL STRUCTURES
Then the
2.2 FINANCIAL STRUCTURES
Then the
2.3 PRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
Finally the
2.4 SERVICE STRUCTURES
2.1 Typical social structures.
in sequential order of formation:
2.1.1 Health clubs.
2.1.2 Tank commissions.
2.1.3 Well commissions.
2.1.4 Central committee.
2.1.5 Three tiered social security
structure.
2.2 The financial structures.
In sequential order of formation.
First the
2.2.1 Local exchange system structures.
Then the :
2.2.2 Interest-free micro-credit structures.
Then the :
2.2.3 Cooperative purchasing groups.
2.2.1 The local money structures.
(Dia. 1)
They operate at 3 levels :
Basic level (water point) : local helper.
Intermediate, well commission level :
registration of transactions.
Project, level: statistics, management.
2.2.1 Local exchange system structures.
(Dia. 2)
The system is based on the perceived value of one hour’s
work.
Everyone starts with, say, 500 points
(50 hours’ work).
Credit and debit system : the sum of every transaction is
always zero.
The local money system is complementary :
Users are always free to choose whether they want to use
the local money system or the formal money one.
2.2.1 The local money structures.
(Dia. 3)
2.2.2 The interest-free micro-credit system.
(Dia. 1)
No formal money costs.
(The system operates under the local money system.)
The system provides each family of 5 with at least €1500 of
interest-free, cost-free finance for productive development
in each 10 year period of activities.
The system operates at three levels.
The self-financed cooperative local development fund is owned and
operated by the local populations themselves.
At the close of the first ten year cycle of project activities, the amount in
the fund should be enough to re-imburse the initial capital investment
in the project should this be required.
2.2.2 Micro-credit structures:
(Dia. 2)
Illustration of typical development over ten years.
(Each family receives at least Euro 1500
based on an average 2 year payback period)
2.2.3 Cooperative purchasing groups.
The groups can operate act any or all of the three
project administrtive levels.
They can be voluntary of compulsory, at the
choice of the local populations.
Examples:
Insurance coopératives.
Purchase of photovoltaic home systems.
Selfterminating buying cooperatives.
Cooperatives for the purchase of medicines.
Project structures provide free administrative
support to the groups within the framework of
the local exchange (LETS) systems set up.
2.2.4 Financing projects via the CDM mechanism of the
Kyoto Protocol.
The market for CER certificates has collapsed. Financing via the CDM mechanism is
no longer a practical proposition at this time.
METHOD.
a) Set up a menu of 13 programmes of activities (PoA) at a project or
dominant level.
One application of the menu for each individual integrated development project.
The methodologies chosen for any given project make up a sub-programme of activities
(sub-PoA).
b) Apply the sub-programme of activities to the individual project.
10.000 applications per project for te improved stoves methodology.
One or two reforestation applications.
200 applications for forestation initiative in inhabited areas.
200 applications for the use of bamboo.
Etc.
(See table www.integrateddevelopment.org/coursesdiplomablock8section5-01.htm)
2.2.5 Green fund for Adaptation to
Climate Change.
New fund in formation for management under the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
(UNFCCC).
Projects automatically cover nearly all of the
actions recommended for the project area
concerned.
The national government can include integrated
projects in its national plan for adaptation to
climate change.
2.3 Summary of the productive
structures provided by each project.
Units for the manufacture of items from gypsumbased composites.
Production of mini-briquettes for cooking
purposes.
Production of biomass for mini-briquettes.
Cooperatives for installation and maintenance.
Others, too many to name, in the minds of the
people.
2.4 Summary of the service structures provided.
(Dia. 1)
Water : solar powered distributed drinking water
systems at +/- 200 water points; triple manual
backup hand-pump systems at +/- 40
boreholes/wells; 10.000 rainwater harvesting
systems at household level.
Sanitation : dry composting ecological sanitary
systems for each of 10.000 households, and at
schools, clinics and public places.
Waste recycling system : Complete system at three
levels for the productive recycling of waste.
Photovoltaic lighting systems.
2.4 Summary of the service structures provided.
(Dia.2)
20.000 Improved high-efficiency cook-stoves
(elimination of risks associated with smoke).
Education : as required. Up to 200 primary schools; 40
secondary schools; 1 trades school; 1 institute for
first year university studies; 200 study rooms with
photovoltaic lighting.
Health : as required. Up to 200 nursing units; 40
doctors’ surgeries with medicine distribution points;
1 local hospital; bicycle ambulance system.
Formal money cooperative purchasing groups for
medicines.
Cooperative formal money health insurance system.
2.4 : Summary of the service structures provided.
(Dia. 3)
3. Costs and benefits.
3.1 Costs.
3.2 Benefits.
3.1 Costs.
(Dia 1)
The entire package of integrated development structures costs only
€176 per person.
Of that, 42% is provided by the local populations themselves in the
form of work carried out under the local exchange (LETS) systems
created to set the project structures up.
Initial formal capital (58% of the total) can, if necessary, take the form
of an interest-free development loan for a period of ten years.
The repayable amount is collected in each project’s cooperative local
development fund over the first ten-year period of activities, and is
repeatedly recycled during that period for interest-free cost-free
micro-credit loans.
3.1 Costs.
(Dia. 2)
Project costs can in princple be covered:
As a first line :
By the capital deposited in each project’s cooperative local development fund
during the first ten-year period of project activities. In the meantime the
funds are used to finance interest-free, cost-free micro-credits for
productive purposes.
And as a second line :
Through the Adaptation Commission and the Green Fund for Climate
Adaptation
To be set up Following the Conférences of Cancùn (2010) and Durban (2011).
(Projects cover a full range of climate adaptation measures).
And, eventually as a third line:
By the application of a menu of 13 methodologies for the reduction of CO2
emissions and the creation of CO2 sinks under the terms of the Kyoto
Protocol.
(This was originally the primary way of financing the projects but the bottom
has fallen out of the CO2 market and compliance costs are now higher
than the benefits.)
3.2 Benefits
(Dia. 1)
Once the project structures are in place, the
annual benefits of each project are greater than
the investment capital.
Annual savings on the costs of food currently
imported into project areas alone amount to
nearly 90% of the investment costs.
Interest saved on micro-credits conceded amounts
to € 1.000.000 to € 3.000.000 per year
depending on the assumed average interest rate
taken into account.
NGO STICHTING BAKENS VERZET (“ANOTHER WAY”)
NETHERLANDS
MODEL FOR SELF-FINANCING, ECOLOGICAL, SUSTAINABLE,
LOCAL INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
Schoener 50,
1771 ED Wieringerwerf
Netherlands.
Tel. 0031-(0)227-604128
Skype : temanning
[email protected]
Website : www.integrateddevelopment.org
Chamber de Commerce registration no. NL 34235506 Amsterdam;
VAT code : NL 8150.17.972.B01
Bank : Triodos 3700 AB Zeist
IBAN NL 90 TRIO 0781327598