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Plankton and benthic fauna Theodora Maria Onciu Ovidius University Constanta, Romania NEAR curriculum in natural environmental science, vol. 2, 2010 FOOD CHAIN in AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS ….for review…. • Autotrophic organisms utilize inorganic CO2 to produce organic matter; • Heterotrophic organisms depend on performed organic carbon (glucose); • Phototrophs derive energy directly from sunlight in photosynthesis; • Chemotrophs utilize a chemical energy source. In aquatic ecosystems: CARNIVORES SECONDARY CONSUMMERS PRIMARY CONSUMMERS herbivores and filter-feeding organisms PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATER and decomposers PRIMARY PRODUCTION unicellular algae living in plankton and benthic flora CRITERIA FOR PLANKTON CLASSIFICATION dimensions plankters which are not nannoplankton (5-50µm) captured by the net microplankton (50-1000µm) net plankters mesoplankton (1-5mm) holoplankton life cycle nutrition meroplankton photoautotrophic phytoplankton heterotrophic zooplankton CRITERIA FOR PLANKTON CLASSIFICATION Cyanobacteria Anabaena, Microcystis Chlorophyta Volvox, Chlorella Euglenophyta Euglena phytoplankton Desmidiaceae Closterium, Micrasterias Pyrrophyta Ceratium Bacillariophyta Cyclotella, Fragillaria Ciliata Paramecium, Frontonia taxonomical Rotatoria zooplankton Cladocera Copepoda filter feeders Brachionus omnivorous Synchaeta carnivorous Asplanchna filter feeders Daphnia carnivorous Leptodora Calanida Diaptomus Cyclopoida Cyclops Desmidiacea Microcystis aeruginosa Bacillariophyta Chydorus sphaericus Cyclops furcifer Brachionus quadridentatus CRITERIA FOR BENTHIC PLANTS CLASSIFICATION taxonomical macroalgae Cladophora, Chara mosses Sphagnum liverworts ferns angiosperms rooted macrophytes ecological Marchantia Salvina, Marsilea Phragmites, Nuphar, Ceratophyllum, Carex emergent plants Phragmites, Scirpus vegetative and reproductive parts partially under water submergent plants Nuphar, Nymphaea, Trapa, Butomus, Sagittaria, Vallisneria Elodea, Chara non rooted submergent macrophytes free floating plants attached to the substrata periphyton Ceratophyllum Salvinia, Lemna Zonation of aquatic macrophytes Free floating plants: ferns Marsilea quadrifolia Azolla Salvinia natans Emergent plants: Phragmites australis Plants wits vegetative and reproductive parts partially under water Nymphaea alba Stratiotes aloides Trapa natans Sagittaria sagittifolia Hydrocharis morsus ranae The importance of plankton’s and benthic plant’s study consist in: knowledge of biological diversity; ascertainment of plankter’s adaptations on flotation and of pondweeds to the abiotic conditions; explaining the food web in ecosystem, pointing out feeding behaviours and interactions between predators and their prey and among algae and the herbivores; determination of wetland’s features and boundaries; diagnose of the health of the aquatic ecosystem or wetland; Protocol of scientific study • global comparison and evaluation of results • consulting references and metadata • conclusions drawing • database realisation • statistical analysis of results • establishing of a quantitative structure of each association • taxonomical analysis of organisms (using identification keys) • appreciation of area covered by certain plant/plant association • sampling activity (in the field) and realisation of photographs • selection of sampling methods • establishing of physical and chemical water parameters to be analyzed • setting of sample locations and photographic points (points marked by GPS) • drawing up of a thorough sketch of the research zone • spatial and temporal scale of investigations • identification of scientific problems Collecting water for FPK sample Marking the point with a GPS device Alisma plantago Filtering ZPK through a net Collecting ZPK with net for vertical tows Schindler-Patalas trap Collecting ZPK with net for horizontal tows Filtering ZPK through a sieve Collecting by hand benthic flora Works cited Cole, G., A. 1983 Textbook of Limnology, C.V. Mosby Company, Toronto. Damian-Georgescu, A. 1963 Copepoda Fam Cyclopidae (forme de apă dulce) Fauna RPR, Editura Academiei RPR, Bucureşti: 4(6). Damian-Georgescu, A. 1966 Crustacea Copepoda Calanoida (forme de apă dulce) Fauna RPR, Editura Academiei RPR, Bucureşti: 4(11). Dussart, B. 1966 Limnologie : l’étude des eaux continentales, Gauthiers-Villars, Paris. Friedrich, J., Dinkel, Ch., Grieder, E., Radan, S., Steingruber, S. and Wehrli, B. 1999 Delta lakes as nutrient sinks – a process study in the Danube Delta. Geo-Eco-Marina, 4: 5-19 Goldman, Ch.,R. and Horne, A.J. 1983 Limnology, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Toronto. Kalff, J. 2003 Limnology, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Mitsch, W., J. and Gosselink, J.,G. 2007 Wetlands, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Negrea, St. 1983 Cladocera, Fauna R.S.R., Ed. Academiei RSR, Bucureşti, 4(12). Nybakken, J., W. and Bertness, M., D. 2005 Marine biology; an ecological approach, Pearson, San Francisco. Parsons, J., K., Hamel, K., S., Madsen, J., D. and Getsinger, K.,D. 2001 The use of 2,4-D for selective control of an early infestation of Eurasian watermilfoil in Loon Lake, Washington. J.Aquat.Plant Manage, 39: 117-125 Pérès, J.-M. and Devèse, L. 1963 Océanographie biologique et biologie marine, Presses universitaires de France, Paris. Rudescu, L. 1960 Trochelminthes. Rotatoria, Fauna R.P.R. Editura Academiei RPR, Bucureşti, 2(2). Sameoto, D., Wiebe, P., Runge, J., Postel, L., Dunn, J., Miller, C. And Combs, S. 2000 Collecting zooplankton. In: Harris, R., Wiebe, P., Lenz, J., H.-R., Skjoldal and Huntley, M. [Eds] ICES Zooplankton methodology manual, Elsevier Skjoldal, H.-R., Wiebe, P., H. and Foote, K.,G. 2000 Sampling and experimental design. In: Harris, R., Wiebe, P., Lenz, J., H.-R., Skjoldal and Huntley, M. [Eds] ICES Zooplankton methodology manual, Elsevier