Transcript Development and Poverty Reduction

Inclusion of indigenous peoples in
development and poverty
reduction strategies
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Context:
• Indigenous peoples excluded from
development efforts
• Development efforts having
harmful impact on indigenous
peoples
• Development not having desired
impact
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Examples of policy development:
Agency
Policy
Main issues
World Bank
OD 4.20. (1991)
Free & prior informed consultation
OP 4.10 (2005)
Indigenous Peoples Plan/Planning Framework
Danida
National strategy
(1994)
Aligned with C169: ITPs to control their own
development path
National strategy
(2004)
Multifaceted: int. processes, bi- & multi- lateral
cooperation, direct support to ITPs, trade
Practice note on
engagement
(2001)
Promote IP participation in decision-making, coexistence, capacity-building for policy change
ADB policy on
indigenous
peoples (1998)
Recognise vulnerability & provide opportunities.
No negative impact – and compensation
Council
Resolution
(1998)
Enhance right & capacity to self-development
UNDP
ADB
EU
Mainstream within UNDP
Indigenous Peoples Development Plan
Right to object to projects
Integrate as cross-cutting concern
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Major trends:
• From “do-no-harm” to rights-based
approaches
• Partnerships
• Located within broader framework of
human rights, poverty reduction, good
governance, environmental protection
• Mainstreaming within agencies
• Facilitation of dialogue/policy dialogue
• Consultation & participation
• Responding to ITPs’ needs and priorities
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Poverty Reduction Strategies
• Introduced in 1999 by World Bank and IMF
• Applied in approximately 70 countries
Are supposed to be:
• Country-driven
• Results-oriented
• Comprehensive
• Partnership-oriented
• Long-term
• In line with Rome and Paris Declarations
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Rome & Paris Declarations: Harmonization
and Aid Effectiveness
• Determined within high-level meetings of
the OECD/DAC (2003-5)
• Practically all bi- and multi- lateral agencies
and developing countries have agreed to
adhere to these principles
• In line with UN reform
• Fully operational from 2010
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Main principles
Principle:
Goal:
Ownership
Developing countries exercise strong and effective
leadership over their development policies and plans
Alignment
Donors base their support on developing countries’ own
policies, strategies and systems
Harmonisation
Donors coordinate their activities and minimise the cost of
delivering aid
Managing for
results
Developing countries and donors orient their activities to
achieve the desired results, using information to improve
decision-making
Mutual
accountability
Donors and developing countries are accountable to each
other for progress in managing aid better and in achieving
development results
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
PRSP: Main elements & entry points
PRSP main
elements
Potential entry points for indigenous peoples
Participatory
process
Specific and appropriate consultations, through
representative organizations. Reflection of needs and
priorities. Participation in implementation &
monitoring.
Poverty diagnostics
Diversified poverty profiles, reflecting diversified
perceptions of poverty and well-being & needs
and priorities
Priorities for
macroeconomic,
structural
and social policies
Address structural factors leading to pauperization,
e.g., access to land and resources; adequate
education and health services that consider cultural
and linguistic features.
Targets, indicators,
monitoring and
evaluation
Specific goals and targets for indigenous peoples;
mechanisms for participation in monitoring and
evaluation.
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Findings of ILO research
Aspect of
participation
Cambodia
Cameroon
Nepal
Information flow
Not at all
Some
Some
Participation
experience
None
Some
Some
Poverty diagnostics
Not at all
Not at all
Some
Budget-making
process
Not at all
Not at all
Some
Poverty monitoring
One specific
indicator
No
No
Mainstreaming of
participation
No
No
Mechanisms
being defined
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Determining factors for participation
• The institutional capacity of indigenous
peoples
• The existence of national legislative and
policy frameworks
• The capacity of concerned government
institutions
• The operationalization of institutional
policies of international agencies
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Requirements for participation
• Special efforts and long-term commitment of all
actors
• Focus on capcity-building
• Public information strategy, targeting
indigenous peoples
• An outcome-oriented action plan for
participation in prioritization and policy-making,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation
• Institutional arrangements for mainstreaming
participation in governance structures
• Adequacy with regards to language, timing etc.
• Gender sensitivity
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
National legislation or policy
• Of crucial importance
• If not in place, should be developed
within context of PRS
• Ratification of Convention No. 169:
Solid framework
• If reluctance: Address as vulnerable
groups in the context of overall
poverty reduction and sector policies
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Capacity of government
institutions
• Address in the context of good
governance
• Employment of indigenous
people
• Staff training
• Incentive measures
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Donor policies
• No coherent implementation
• Focus on small-scale/specific
interventions
• Not applied in overall
policies/programmes
• World Bank Policy not applied to PRS
processes
• Compulsory procedural steps
• Establishment of coordination groups
• Training of staff
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Data and indicators
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fail to capture specificities of indigenous peoples’ real
situation and perceptions of poverty and well-being
Invisibility in national statistics
Invisibility of internal differences
Controversy over definition or terminology (fluidity of ethnic
identity, migration, conflicts and wars, lack of legal
provisions/political acceptance)
Lack of understanding of the importance of disaggregated
data
Weak national capacities for data collection, analysis and
disaggregation
Resistance from indigenous peoples if they are not
themselves in control of data collection
Strengthening national capacities for disaggregation of data
Develop specific indicators
Monitor implementation of indigenous peoples’ rights
All with full participation of indigenous peoples
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org