People and Planet: Tricky bits Condensed

Population Dynamics Consuming Resources Development Dilemmas Globalisation

NB: This is not the entire course .

Just the bits I think are tricky.

You still need to know your case studies

Changing Settlements of the UK Challenges of the Urban Environment

Population Dynamics

Study an overview of

historic trends in global population growth since 1800

and

contrasting future projections.

What has happened to the global population – historical, current and future trends?

• • The world population is growing at an alarming rate in 2013 at least another 65 million people were added to the global total of 7.1 billion.

Exponential Growth has been occurring (In 2000 the doubling time fell to 39 years)

Contrasting Future Projections

Why are we unsure about future population growth?

Declining Birth Rates in MEDCs

However since 2000 the rate of growth has become more uncertain in fact no country in the EU is producing enough babies to stop their population declining.

Policies in Large Countries

During 2005–2050, nine countries are expected to account for half of the world's projected population increase: India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Bangladesh, Uganda, United States, Ethiopia, and China. China would be higher still in this list were it not for its One Child Policy.

The global population is getting older: Malthus and Boserup War, Disease, Natural Hazards

Examine the five stages of the demographic transition model to help

explain changing population growth rates

and

structure

.

Compare two countries at different levels of development to show why their

population structure varies

, including an assessment of the

impact of economic growth, demographic factors, migration and conflict.

Japan Mexico population structure impact of economic growth demographic factors

Increase in cost of pensions and nursing homes so higher taxes. £20 per month higher.

Longer life expectancy 79 men 85 women Birth rate below replacement level Growing manufacturing industry – Mexico expected to overtake UK and become 7 th largest economy by 2050. High birth rate20 Reducing death rate 4.8

migration

Large numbers of young migrants to USA for work.

conflict

Lack of available people as 20.8% of population over 65 Army able to be fully resourced by youthful population

Youthful population - This is when there are a very high percentage of people under the age of 15.

Problems:

•Pressure on housing – not enough housing, people living in slums. This is very common around the big cities (New Delhi), where millions of people live in shanty towns with no running water, roads, sewage of any kind. •Pressure on schooling – illiterate population. India’s literacy rate is 60%, Cambodia’s literacy rate is 69% •Pressure on food supplies - famine, food distribution difficulties. Natural disasters accentuate this problem e.g. droughts. •Pressure on health services – a growth in diseases being spread around and not being dealt with adequately to stop the spread. •High unemployment - Large numbers of people unable to find work so they emigrate

Ageing population

This is when a country has a large number of people over the age of 65 in their country.

Problems:

•Health care •Skilled health care workers, e.g. nurses, doctors, etc. •Pensions - Increase in pension costs. •More retired people means fewer workers in the economy 3 solutions – Increase tax – not popular – Raise retirement age – not popular – Abolish state pensions – not popular

• Understand why different migration policies develop to either promote or reduce immigration.

• Evaluate different migration policies, including open-door, quotas and skills tests, and the tensions that sometimes arise as a result of these policies.

Why might you…

Promote migration?

Reduce migration?

NATURAL DISASTERS FAMINE RESOURCES DEPLETED DEGREGATED LAND POVERTY PHYSICAL AUSTRALIA REASONS FOR MIGRATION

REASONS FOR MIGRATION

UK HUMAN ASTHEICALLY PLEASING EDUCATION WAR FAMILY ISSUES JOBS WEATHER MONEY TECHNOLOGY FRIENDS AND FAMILY NEW ZEALAND

POINTS SYSTEM

CONTROLS WHO GETS IN AND WHO DOESN’T.

65 POINTS TO PASS MORE POINTS IF YOU: - SPEAK A HIGH LEVEL OF ENGLISH ARE AGES 25-32 PRIOR EXPERIENCE IN AUSTRALIA QUALFICATIONS (DEGREES) HAVE A NOMINATION FROM AN AUSTRALIAN PERSON.

GOOD DUE TO HIGHLY EDUCATED ARE GETTING INTO THE COUNTRY, HELP THE ECONOMY OF THE COUNTRY. BAD DUE TO OLDER PEOPLE, THE LESS EDUCATED, AND THOSE WHO DO NOT SPEAK ENGLISH HAVE A DISADVANTAGE.

OPEN DOOR POLICY

ANYONE IN THE EU CAN COME INTO THE COUNTRY.

GOOD DUE TO MULTICULTURALSIM, REFUGESS FROM WAR AND DISASTERS CAN LIVE HERE, AS CAN RICH & POOR. POOR LEVELS OF ENGLISH DOESN’T MATTER, NOR DOES EDUCATION. MORE TAX. BAD DUE TO THE FACT POPULATION GROWTH UNCONTROLLED, TENSIONS WITH MIGRANTS, EMPLOYMENT BECOMES HARDER TO FIND. STRAIN ON PUBLIC SERVICES, SUCH AS SCHOOLING.

IF YOUR OUTSIDE THE EU, YOU CAN TAKE THE CITIZENSHIP TEST, IF YOU HAVE EMPLOYMENT HERE.

QUOTA

A CERTAIN AMOUNT PER YEAR CAN MOVE IN, DECIDED BY THE GOVERNMENT. QUOTA APPLIES TO SOMANS.

CAN CHANGE YEARLY DEPENING ON COUNTRIES ECONOMY.

IT IS GOOD AS IT IS RANDOM, SO A MIXTURE OF ABILITIES MIGRATES. BAD AS GOVERNMENT DON’T HAVE CONTROL ON SKILLS WHICH MOVE TO THE COUNTRY.

Consuming Resources

Define and classify different types of resources, including energy, mineral, physical and biological resources.

Coal Oil & natural gas – North Sea (UK) Nuclear Energy (France) Fuel-wood – Rural Tanzania Hydro-electric Santo Antonio Geo -thermal energy (Iceland) Solar-power (Spain) Biofuel (India)

Coal currently provides a large amount of the world energy.

Oil & gas are cheaper than coal.

Most transport runs off oil Very few materials needed Nuclear power is very efficient and produces a lot of electricity The less coal there is the more expensive it becomes to mine Deep mining can be very dangerous Open cast mines look very ugly Reserves might only last another 50 years New oil & gas fields are difficult to find Oil & gas are easy to transport by pipeline Burning coal produces large amounts of CO2 Oil spills harm the environmen It does not produce any CO2 Nuclear accidents can be extremely dangerous Nuclear plants can look ugly and are very expensive to build Nuclear waste is very difficult to dispose of Cheap & readily available Produces very little pollution Easy source of fuel to use for people in developing countries Once built, it is renewable and cheap to produce.

Trees are renewable if managed properly Reservoirs created can reduce water shortages.

Does not produce CO2 Cutting down trees causes soil erosion Dams are very expensive to build In developing countries trees are rarely re planted Large areas of land often have to be flooded Once it is built it produces energy cheaply It produces very little pollution or CO2 renewable and will provide a constant source of energy It is renewable / there is an unlimited supply Does not produce any air pollution Or CO2 Very good for small scale energy needs such as houses and villages in developing countries Building geo thermal energy plants is very expensive Needs lots of sunshine, so would not work all year round and in all countries.

Very limited choice of places where the plants can be built Solar panels are very expensive to build Bio fuel plants can easily be converted from fossil fiuel powerstation s It uses renewable materials such as food waste It uses up fertile land Can cause heavy deforestation

• Examine the reasons for variations in the global supply and consumption of: •• one non-renewable energy resource •• one renewable energy resource.

• Assess the likely

future pressures

supply and consumption of the chosen energy resources brought by

global economic growth and changing international relations.

on both the

Richer countries tend to be found in the northern hemisphere for example in North America and Western Europe.

These countries tend to consume more energy because their citizens have more goods such cars and large houses which use lots of electricity.

If a country has lots of resources it does not always mean it will be rich. Saudi Arabia has lots of oil and is very wealthy. This is because it sells lots of its oil to the rest of the world for a high price.

On the other hand several African countries have lots of oil but are still extremely poor. This is because the wealth from this oil goes into the hands of very few of people and often to corrupt governments that don’t look after their people properly.

There are also examples of countries that have no resources but are very wealthy. For example Japan. This is because it generates its wealth in other ways such as through developing new technologies and providing financial services. They can therefore afford to import all of the energy they need.

Oil production GDP by country

Key Idea 4: How much Oil is there? Uneven patterns of oil supply and demand

Current production is focused in the Middle East, especially Saudi Arabia. However many of these countries have reached ‘peak oil’ (production of relatively cheaply obtained oil has reached its maximum so there is now a fall in production). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tt3dGOTyGa E&safe=active

Oil is used in a great many ways in modern society. It fuels cars, heats buildings and provides electricity and makes the plastic we use in everyday life. Oil is a finite resource and one day it will run out. Peak oil is the point at which oil reaches a maximum level and will start to decline as this means oil will be harder to access. This means oil will become more expensive and will lead to a global recession as goods become more expensive to produce and transport. This in turn could lead to more global conflicts and war.

Key ideas 5: Future pressures on both supply and consumption of this resource in view of recent global economic growth

Consumption is largely related to the wealth of a country and its reliance on cars. 70% of the world’s oil is used transporting goods and people within and between countries. The USA has less than 5% of the population but uses 25% of the oil mainly due to: - Lack of public transport systems - Low density urban settlements so need long journeys to work, school etc - History of low petrol prices China and India are continuing to grow rapidly with a combined population of 1,400 million using 71 million cars. In most cases as the population grows the demand for cars will increase as the hope to get ‘the American Dream’. To achieve this Tata Motors based in India has begun production a car priced at £1500, this increasing the demand for oil and adding to C02 emissions.

Solar

• Investigate the

differences

between Malthusian and Boserupian theories about the

relationship

between population and resources.

Malthus Theory (1766-1834)

- Population increases faster than food supply so there would come a time when the world could not cope.

- Population increases geometrically (1, 2, 4, 8, and 16) - Food supply increases arithmetically (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) - Population would outgrow the amount of food available leading to famine, war and disease Malthus argued that there were ways to prevent population from extending beyond the food supplies necessary to support it (optimum population). This includes a combination of 1. ‘Negative’: Methods people choose to reduce human fertility e.g. China’s one child policy, sterilisation 2. Positives’: Anything which increases mortality: e.g. low living standards, disease Malthus argued that this would kept the carrying capacity in check (the number of plants, animals or human which can be adequately supported (carried) by the land)

B oserup Theory 1965

- Population growth has a positive impact on people as it forces them to invent a way out of a problem when resources start to run out e.g. GM crops - Overpopulation leads to innovation and higher productivity in use of land (irrigation, weeding, crop intensification, better seeds) and labour (tools, better techniques) e.g. GM Crops and the Green Revolution

Globalisation

• Use the Clark Fisher model to investigate

changing employment structure

in countries at different

stages of development

.

• Contrast the importance of different employment sectors and working conditions in countries at different stages of development.

Clark Fisher Model

Where would you find LEDCs , Developing countries, NICs, MEDC, developed countries.

Can you place Ethiopia, China and the UK?

Ethiopia: is a pre industrial economy.

Primary:75% Secondary 5% Tertiary: 20% What is Ethiopia’s biggest export and why do they not earn much from these exports?

Coffee is Ethiopia’s main export – but this is a raw material and not the more expensive finished manufactured products.

Named example 1 -Ethiopia What jobs do people do?

Many people are still employed on small scale farms in agriculture ( subsistence farming).

There is little commercial farming - mainly growing Coffee a major export crop.

The secondary textiles sector is small and jobs are mainly filled by men. Many people are also still employed in Informal jobs which means that they are not formally recognised and therefore employees do not pay any taxes

What are working conditions like?

Working conditions are tough particularly on the farms where the work is often hard manual labour because there has been a lack of mechanisation and there are often harsh physical conditions. People who work in the informal sector – Mostly women and children are likely to suffer abuse and exploitation.

Which sector will be important to Ethiopia in the future and in particular which industry will provide many of the jobs?

In the future there will be an increase in tertiary jobs specifically in the tourist sector.

Named example 2 - China China is an Industrial country

The percentages of each employment sector are: Primary 48% Secondary 25% Tertiary 18% China’s biggest exports are: Coal Natural Gas Iron ore and tin Manufactured Goods like mobile phones. China can earn a lot of money from these products.

What jobs do people do?

Many people are still employed in China’s growing manufacturing Industries in large factories.

China’s Primary sector is also still important and it is not just agriculture but also Mining particularly for coal.

The rapid growth of town and cities is being accompanied by a rapidly growing service sector

What are working conditions like?

Working conditions in factories are tough. Workers often work long hours in unsafe, unpleasant conditions.

These workers are both men and women but they can earn a lot more than in the rural areas.

Workers (often men) that work in the mines have a very hazardorous occupation.

China has been able to develop so quickly because it has an abundance of energy resources and a large working population. China’s labour force is an important factor because it is very hard working and many are quick to learn new skills as well as being ambitious to become part of a consumer society .

The UK is a post industrial country The percentages of each employment sector are: Primary 1% Secondary 18% Tertiary 81% .

The UK’s biggest exports are: Aircraft technology Finance and banking Electronics like Dyson.

Named example 3 - UK There are also new ways of working emerging – Like

Teleworking, telecottaging

and telecommuting. Today more than 2 million people are self employed and work from home – this is particularly thanks to the broadband network

Why have employment patterns changed?

Over the last 50 years, the UK has deindustrialised. It has lost much of its traditional manufacturing like iron and steel, Ship building, car making and textiles.

As a result of a global shift these industries have located elsewhere.

The UK continues some manufacturing but it is mostly high tech, work in state of the art factories.

There has also much automation – workers are replaced by machines. Online banking and ATM’s for example mean there are fewer banks.

Working Conditions in all employment sectors are good thanks to strict Health and Safety Regulations and the existence of Trade Unions.

There is also a national Minimum wage (currently £6.31)

Outline the

role

of global institutions including the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and transnational corporations (TNCs), in

creating a more globalised economy.

The role of global institutions IMF

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organisation of 188 countries, working to raise global monetary (money) cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. It does this through keeping track of the global economy and the member countries, lending to countries with payment difficulties and giving practical help to members.

United Nations World Trade Organisation World Bank

Through UN efforts, governments have concluded many multilateral agreements that make the world a safer, healthier place with greater opportunity and justice for all of us. This comprehensive body of international law, including human rights law, is one of the UN's great achievements. It has close links with UNESCO, WHO, UNICEF, FAO.

WTO deals with the rules of trade between countries. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as freely as possible. They are often called in to deal with disputes between countries that have previously made trade agreements. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business without exploitation.

The World Bank is a financial institution which provides loans to developing countries for capital programs (money making). Its official goal is the reduction of poverty, with all its decisions being guided through a commitment to the promotion of foreign investment and international trade, as well as the facilitation of capital investment.

Trans national Company

A company with its headquarters in one country owns factories in one or more other countries and sells its products globally. The main priorities of a TNC are profit driven. They are always looking for the highest profit margins. This often means their factories are in LEDC’s to make the most of low wages and often have headquarters in MEDC’s.

How does each encourage a more globalised economy?

Evaluate

the impact of globalisation on different groups of people, including women as a group and men as a group, in the developed and developing world.

What is the affect of Globalisation on different groups of people

Impact on men in the developed world Impact on women in the developed world

In the UK, fewer full time jobs in secondary industries, and more part time tertiary jobs than 50 years ago Men in the East end of London have reduced access to secondary jobs in car manufacturing that their fathers did

Impact on men in the developing world

Women in developed countries have increased access to flexible work compared to 50 years ago when more jobs were labour intensive- so now women are more equal

Impact on women in the developing world

Many men in developing countries have to leave their rural homes and children with elderly relatives in countries like China, to work in factories in urban centres Many men in developing nations feel work is better paid and more consistent in factories compared to farming which can be affected by the weather Women and men in the developing world have access to urban secondary and tertiary jobs Many women in countries like Bangladesh work in ‘sweatshops’ for TNCs, stitching clothes for minimal pay, in tough conditions with limited or no breaks Women and men in the developing world have access to urban secondary and tertiary jobs Women in the developing world have increased access to education Has meant thousands of women in Kenya have access to land which previously they did not under Kenyan law

Globalisation is a wonderful thing or is it?

Arguments for Helps LEDC’s develop and have efficient economies.

More MEDC’s; more countries can become more powerful and shares the worlds wealth more equally LEDC’s become more industrialized – have control of their own economies When TNC’s set up a factory in a country local people are getting more money, not a lot but still more.

More countries can benefit from a more diverse culture e.g. Bollywood Learning new skills TNC’s pay taxes in countries which help LEDC’s infrastructure Improving working conditions in LEDC’s – many big companies have ethical trading codes (e.g. Accessorise and Body Shop) Sharing good practises Quite often they are taking jobs that people don’t want to do in MEDC’s Breaking down barriers between countries and promoting multicultural societies The company has provided clean water supply and electricity in the local area.

LEDC workers can now afford to send their children to school Arguments against Stops/squashes originalities and different cultures within countries.

Why does poverty still exist if LEDC’s are developing more efficient economies?

Causing damage to the environment e.g. plastic bags Most profits return back to the TNC countries and branches in LEDC’s are not benefiting.

LEDC’s don’t have much chance to develop their own industries.

TNC’s Invests in countries and then move away and create short term benefits but more poverty in the long run In LEDC’s workers are learning new skills that aren’t really helping and are dumbing down clever people, semi-skilled, unskilled jobs.

In MEDC’s people are losing their jobs because companies are moving to places where wages are cheaper Wages are so low their not really benefiting.

TNC’s are not always investing in host country their just in it for themselves.

Poor working conditions in LEDC’s Long hours and a long working week No health and safety Low wages No unions limited rights Many people are available to work so the TNC can fire and rehire anyone they want Dorms are shared by 20+ workers and disease/illness can spread very quickly

• Examine the

changes in the volume and pattern

of international trade and foreign direct investment.

• Explore the

reasons

for these changes, including lower transport costs, TNC growth and mergers and state-led investment.

Changes Reasons

Reasons Changes

How & why have patterns of international trade and Foreign Investment changed over time?

International trade is the movement of goods and services (e.g. workers / banking) across borders and therefore between countries.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is when a company invests capital (spends its money / uses its resources e.g. workers & expertise) in a different country by either building facilities (e.g. factories) or buying other companies. (e.g. Walmart in the USA now owns ASDA in the UK.) Goods & services are the products that are traded between between different countries e.g. cars, electronics, food or financial services like insurance e.g. Toyota cars manufactured in Japan are sold in the UK.

Capital flows are the movement of capital between countries e.g. American companies (Nike) spend money building factories in China so they can get their products manufactured cheaply.

Why has international trade grown so rapidly?

Lower and Faster Transport Costs.

Containerisation

- Most goods now arrive from Asia in containers which are easier to transport to ports, to load onto ships and then unload at the other end. Each container is bar-coded so machines rather than people can identify its contents and where it needs to go

Shipping

– ships transport over 90% of our goods and have become much larger yet only need small crews. They are also extremely fuel efficient reducing fuel consumption

Aircraft

– Transport by aircraft is more expensive than by ship so only 0.2% are transported by Air. However more high value goods like electronics, medical supplies and fruit and veg is transported by Air as it is much faster.

• Study one TNC in the secondary sector to show

how it operates

in different parts of the world, e.g. location of headquarters,

outsourcing

and the

global shift

in manufacturing.

• Study one TNC in the tertiary sector to show

how it operates

in different parts of the world, e.g.

administrative work moving overseas

,

globalisation of products

, including the

growth of retailing chains.

Named Example 4: Nike a Secondary TNC and an example of a TNC who has merged with other companies.

Nike started in 1964 when Phillip Knight began importing running shoes From Japan, where labour was cheap. Today is valued at over $10billion.

Nike has its head Office in the USA and all design is carried out at the Oregon head Office but though decision making are kept in the USA most Asian outsourcing countries get the less profitable production activities. South Korea, Taiwan 1970’s : Nike was attracted by cheap labour so instead of owning its own factories it outsourced production to these countries. China 1980’s: Nike began production in China to take advantage of cheap labour Thailand and Indonesia late 1980’s: South Korean companies, with whom Nike had developed a long term relationships moved operations south t Thailand and Indonesia in search of cheap labour.

Vietnam 2000: Now that China’s currency is worth more , it is cheaper to make many items in Vietnam.

Nike bought Converse in 2001 due to Converse going bankrupt and Umbro in 2007 – This is know as a Merger.

$9 billion a year earned 140 countries advertise / promote

TNC: Nike

Tesco: Case study

HQ Chesthunt, UK Products: Groceries, consumer goods, financial services, telecoms Stores in 14 different countries across the globe Motto- “pile it high, sell it cheap” Soon spread from selling groceries to other goods. (phones, insurance, electronics, holidays) 1987 took over Hilliards grocery chain in UK, then William Low chain (UK) Introduction of clubcard loyalty points Internet shopping- first retailer in UK for groceries March 1997 took over Republic Ireland main food chain Crazy Prices Then combined forces with Esso to sell petrol 2000-2005- branches established in USA (35% grocery income in USA), bought out more leading branches across USA and EU (including take over of Safeway branches) Use of celebrities in advertising Spread to China late 2000, created partnerships with Asian brands such as Samsung, Panasonic to sell cheaper products.

There's a famous stat - that at its peak one pound in every seven spent in the UK went into a Tesco till.* It's the UK's biggest retailer by sales and also the nation's biggest private employer, with more than 330,000 staff working in 3,146 stores. Pre-tax profits are in the billions It's the world's third largest supermarket group, with stores in 12 countries. More than 27 million people outside the UK have a Tesco Clubcard.

Development Dilemmas

• Examine

contrasting

ways of defining development, using economic criteria and broader social and political measures.

•

Evaluate different ways of measuring development,

including Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, the Human Development Index and measurements of political freedom and corruption.

Gross Domestic Product (per capita) Human Development Index Happy Planet Index

This is the total value of goods and services within a country per person.

B ased on four economic and A measure of a countries social development indicators wellbeing i.e. How happy that allows comparisons between countries. Indicators include GDP, poverty line, access to clean water, adult literacy and life expectancy and content people are, based upon social and environmental indicators like access to clean water, ecological footprint and life expectancy.

An advantage of GDP is that data is available for every country with an economic structure.

A disadvantage of GDP is that it uses an average amount of money per person and so hides any gap between rich and poor people. An advantage of HDI is that it covers a wider range of factors – social

and

economic – and so is considered a more accurate measurement of overall development. The disadvantages of HDI are that some data is not available for all countries and it does not consider the natural environment or inequalities within countries.

Another disadvantage is that it does not include important activities that do not involve money (e.g. subsistence farming)

Corruption Perceptions Index - Transparency International

The Corruption Perception Index looks at perceived corruption in governments and their departments If development is to take place, a government should be working for the people. Perceptions are used because corruption is hidden and difficult to measure but the lack of data is the main weakness of this index. Strengths of this index are that it covers 183 countries and combines different sources of information 0 is very corrupt and 10 is very honest.

• Examine the

extent of the global development gap

and how this has

changed

over time, using a

range

of indicators.

Due to geographical factors, such as locational advantages and resources, and historical factors, such as colonialism, the world has always been divided into those that ‘have’ and those that ‘have not’ – a development gap. Europe, the cradle of modern industrialisation, has economically dominated since the nineteenth century, joined then by the USA, Japan, and more recently the East Asia region. In the 1980s a North/South divide between developed and developing countries was clear.

This has been distorted slightly by the rise of Newly Industrialised Countries (e.g. South Korea, Taiwan), the modifications to communism, and the rise of the BRICS economies (e.g. Brazil, China).

These changes are shown by the maps displaying how the proportions of the world’s GDP distribution have changed since 1960 (Figure 4).

• For one developing country in Sub- Saharan Africa, consider recent

social, political and economic development

and possible

barriers

to further progress.

Tanzania Development

Social

1967 – 1985 – Socialist policy adopted government subsidised services and took over industries – improved Q of L and Ujimaa but loss of private business and tax revenue.

2005- 2025 Development Vision – investment in infrastructure and increasing economic benefits – UN development programme investing through millennium development goals

Political

1885- 1961 – German and British Colony – exported raw materials 1961- independence 1967 – 1985 – Socialist policy adopted government subsidised services and took over industries – improved Q of L and Ujimaa but loss of private business and tax revenue.

Economical

1981 - world bank forced a change in agricultural policy 1986 – IMF introduced structural adjustment policy . Rise in production of cash crops led to exports increasing but also inflation and loss of wages leading to disparities especially in rural areas.

1985- 2005 FDI occurred which and business increased but government investment in services declined.

Barriers to development in Tanzania

• Levels of

development

may vary within a country with regional differences evident, especially between an

urban core

and a

rural periphery

.

Named example – Urban core, Dar es Salaam Tanzania. Why is it so successful and what happens there?

Mumbai:

Population 5.5 million people

Income:

83.19% of tax Location: East coast of Tanzania Multiplier effect

Reason 1:

Dar es Salaam is on the coast so has always been a major centre for trade (import & export). This has generated jobs and money for the region. This in turn has lead to a multiplier effect which attracted investment, improved infrastructure and therefore attracted other industries to move into the city. These in turn created more jobs and wealth.

Reason 3: Reason 2:

Dar es Salaam is the centre of the Tanzanian industry for example Twiga Cement, Azam icecream.

This employs people and generates taxes that get used to support the local area. Dar es Salaam has an international airport and has been historically part of the spice trade.

Named example – Rural periphery, Rukwa Tanzania. Why is it so poor and what happens there?

Rukwa 0.07% of tax income from here 4.2% people with electricity 38% people with water 40.8% people below the poverty line

Location: South West Tanzania No investment in land, machinery or materials.

Subsistence agriculture Cycle of poverty Little or no income No surplus farm produce

Reason 3:

The area attracts very little outside investment from business as it is landlocked, and as a result job creation is low. This also means few taxes are paid so there is little infrastructure built, which in turn puts off business from locating there.

Reason 1:

Most people are subsistence farmers. This is because they do not own enough land to grow enough crops to be able to sell. This means they never make any money, further trapping them in poverty.

Reason 2:

School attendance is poor. This makes for an un-educated population that are stuck in low skilled and low paid jobs.

Women are particularly poor and literacy rates amongst women are low Many marry very early, often have lots of children and then work in low paid jobs.

• Explain

why societies develop over time

, including Rostow’s modernisation theory and dependency theory.

Rostow Theory

You should know what this is and be able to explain each stage of development. You should also be able to give examples of where a range of different countries fit onto it, with some justification.

The two diagrams show the characteristics of each stage of Rostows theory of development.

Franks dependency theory

• • • A chap called Frank had another theory about how some countries developed. Frank said........

The development of the rich world was achieved by exploitation of the developing world. The diagram to the right very simply shows how resources are moving from the periphery (developing) to the core (developed).

That developing countries moved into production of cash crops (coffee, tea, cocoa) which meant that they were no longer subsistent and actually dependent on developed countries for food imports and food aid.

That the development of many countries were slowed or stopped by the arrival of colonists. He points out that many countries were richer before colonisation than after.

•

Compare the characteristics

of top-down and bottom-up strategies in terms of their scale, aims, funding and technology.

scale aims funding technology

Top Down Case Studies : Top Down Santo Antonio Dam Bottom Up: Water Aid in Tanzania / Micro Hydro in Peru Bottom Up

Changing Settlements in the UK

• Investigate the

contrasting economic, social, political and demographic processes

that have transformed urban areas in the UK with some, e.g. London, experiencing significant economic growth with rapid population growth while others have experienced economic and population decline, e.g. Liverpool.

• Examine how these processes have led to variations in the quality of urban residential areas (including housing, services, amenities and recreational areas) and the levels of multiple deprivation within large urban areas.

• Identify different types of rural settlement, including remote rural communities in upland areas, retirement communities and commuter villages, and explain how these have developed.

• Examine the environmental, social and economic impacts of rising demand for residential areas in one urban area in the UK.

• Evaluate the success of planning policies such as ‘green belts’ and National Parks in both conserving valuable landscapes, andallowing economic development.

The Challenges of an Urban World

• Examine urbanisation trends globally and across different regions, including reasons for growth (migration and internal growth).

• Contrast the economic activities, spatial growth and population of ‘megacities’ (cities with more than 10 million people) in the developed and developing world.

• Investigate why eco-footprints vary from city to city and assess how one named city in the developed world is lessening its eco-footprint by reducing energy consumption and waste generation.

• Consider the success of strategies to improve quality of life in cities in the developing world: self-help schemes, the work of NGOs, urban planning (e.g. Curitiba).

• Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of attempts to develop less-polluted cities, e.g. Masdar City, Mexico City.