Transcript Slide 1

Chapter 34 Notes
AP US History
Mrs. Marshall
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Democrat)
Elected to the presidency in 1932,1936,
1940 and 1944
In 1932 election Democrats also gained
control of Congress.
Twentieth Amendment
“Lame Duck” Amendment-1933-changed
the date of presidential inauguration
from March to noon of January 20th.
3 goals of the New Deal (3 R’s)
Roosevelt’s policies
Relief-laws necessary to meet the
needs of people without food, shelter
and basic necessities
Recovery- to help businesses and
agriculture start up again
Reform- to solve economic problems
and prevent future depressions
Brain Trust
a group of unofficial
advisors to FDR, they helped him
formulate policies which became known
as the New Deal.
Hundred Days name given to the 73rd
Congress which passed the bulk of
New Deal legislation in just over 3
months
Emergency Banking Act-closed all
insolvent lending institutions and
allowed Treasury Department to only
reopen solvent Banks.
Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act of
1933
Provided for FDIC-Federal Deposit
Insurance Corporation which insures
individual deposits in accounts
“fireside chats” were FDR’s radio
addresses to the American people. He
gave 30 of these.
CCC-Civilian Conservation Corps
Employed single males between ages of
18 and 25. Paid $30 a month with $22
being sent home. Based with armed
forces, they lived in camps where they
planted trees, prevented erosion, built
public parks, and other things to
conserve the environment.
Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA)
Headed by Harry Hopkins
Authorized $3 billion in immediate grants
to states for relief projects
Agricultural Adjustment Act
(AAA)
Raised food prices by lowering
production. Placed a tax on canners,
millers and other food processors and
used the income to pay farmers to
produce less.
Land was removed from production.
By 1936, farmer’s income was about
50% higher.
Home Owner’s Loan Corporation
(HOLC)
Allowed homeowners to exchange their
mortgages for bonds with better terms
to keep then from being foreclosed on.
NRA-National Industrial
Recovery Act
Goal was to stimulate competition and
reduce unemployment. Business that
cooperated received the “blue-eagle”
seal of approval and displayed the
motto “we do our part”
Public Works Administration
(WPA)
supervised the construction of roads,
public buildings and other projects while
providing employment. Headed by Harold
Ickes, Secretary of Interior
Civil Works Administration
(CWA)
Emergency relief program designed to
put 4 million jobless to work on federal,
state and local projects.
Headed by Harry Hopkins.
Critics of FDR:
Father Charles Coughlin- Catholic
priest. Once a supporter of FDR but
later turned against him and became
one of his harshest critics.
Dr. Francis Townshend- retired
physician who developed a plan in
which government would impose a 2%
sales tax to provide seniors a monthly
income of $200
Huey (Kingfish) Long- governor and
later senator of Louisiana. Program
was called “Share Our Wealth”-called
upon federal government to guarantee
every family in the nation and annual
income an everyone over 60 would
receive an old-age pension
Two phases of New Deal:
First New Deal concentrated on relief
and recovery programs.
Second New Deal concentrated on
reform.
Works Progress Administration
(WPA)
Created by congress in 1935 ,headed
by Harry Hopkins. Was started to fund
projects and create jobs. People were
paid to build buildings, roads, dams,
bridges, paint murals on buildings,
entertain and write.
Became most widely criticized of the
New Deal agencies
Mary McLeod Bethune
became the highest ranking African
American female in FDR’s administration.
Appointed director of the Office of
Minority Affairs in the National Youth
Administration( a program designed to
help youth with urban programs) Also,
helped organize the “Black Cabinet”-a group of
influential African Americans’ that advised FDR
on racial issues.
Dust Bowl
of the 1930’s lasted about a decade.
Affected the region of the Great Plains.
Factors contributing to the Dust Bowl:
Drought
Dry-farming techniques
Wind
Soil erosion
Many people packed up and left the Great
Plains. Most migrants headed to
California.
John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath
showed the suffering caused by the Dust
Bowl.
Resettlement Act
1935 –moved farmers who were victims
of the Dust Bowl to better land.
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
Attempted to reverse the forced
assimilation of Native Americans into
white society.
John Collier- appointed by FDR as
Commissioner of Indian Affairs
Federal Securities Act
provided for creation of the Securities
and Exchange Commission (SEC) which
regulates the stock exchange. Joseph
Kennedy was the first to head the
commission
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
proved to be the most socialistic of the
New Deal agencies. Public corporation
was established to construct dams and
power plants along Tennessee River
Social Security Act (1935)
Purpose was to provide insurance through a
tax levied on employers and a retirement
system based on contributions from both
employers and employees.
Provides:
Unemployment insurance
Old-age pensions
Economic provisions for the
blind/disabled
Support for physically handicapped
Delinquent children /other dependants
FDR viewed this as his “supreme
achievement”
Wagner Act (National Labor Relations
Act) 1935
Gave labor the right to bargain
collectively. Most beneficial to unskilled
workers
Fair Labor Standards Act-1938-set
maximum hours at 44 hours per week
and set minimum wage at 25 cents per
hour. Set rules for employment of
workers under 16 and banned hazardous
work for those under 18.
Francis Perkins- Secretary of Labor for
FDR
1st female to hold a cabinet post.
1955 AFL and CIO merged
American Federation of Labor and
Congress of Industrial Organization
1936 election:
FDR defeats Alfred Landon
New Deal Coalition-a group of voters
made up of southern whites, urban
voters, African American’s and union
workers who supported FDR
Roosevelt and the “Court-packing”
scheme:
Called for all federal judges to retire by
70. If they failed to do so, the president
could appoint another judge to serve in
tandem with each one over 70. This
would allow FDR to appoint 6 more
justices. (Increasing size to 15)
By 1937 economy had improved.
Politicians urged FDR to cut back on New
Deal programs. Economy slid back
slightly but he did not begin a third phase
of the New Deal.
Reasons why FDR did not launch a third
phase:
He did not want any more deficit
spending
He was concerned over events in
Europe
Opinions on New Deal
Conservative Critics- said it made the
government too big and powerful. That
it got in the way of free enterprise, that
it made people not want to work, that
the government should not be involved
in the economy.
Liberal Critics- said the New Deal did not
do enough. Should have done more to
end the differences between the rich and
the poor.
Supporters of the New Deal
said it was well balanced between saving
capitalism and reforming capitalism.
Pointed out lasting benefits:
It expanded the power of the federal
government
Gave the government a greater role in
shaping the economy
Relieved the suffering of millions of
Americans
The New Deal caused the federal
government to go into debt—federal
deficit rose.
New Deal did not end the depression--WWII ended the depression and caused
federal deficit to decrease.