MDGs: Progress & Challenges in Bhutan

Kunzang Norbu Planning Commission

Millennium Development Goals

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Achieve universal primary education Promote gender equality and empower women Reduce child mortality Improve maternal health Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria & other diseases Ensure environmental sustainability Develop a global partnership for development 2

Goal 1 (a): Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger/Malnutrition

TARGET Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day Indicators 1990 2000 2003 2015 Status of Progress State of Supportive Environment

Proportion of population living below national poverty line (%)

-

The Human Poverty Index (HPI-1)

-

Source: Pilot HIES 2000, PAR 2004

36.3% 31.7% 33.34

33 20% On track Insufficient data Strong Strong

3

Goal 1 (a): Challenges

– Pro-poor growth • sectors like agriculture need to grow more rapidly and gain increased productivity – Balanced regional development • equitable access to social services, infrastructure and market opportunities – Weakness in poverty data collection, monitoring and evaluation 4

Goal 1(b): Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger

TARGET Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger Indicators 1990 2000 2003 2015 Status of Progress State of Supportive Environment

Percentage of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption (2,124 Kcal) Percentage of under-weight under-five children

38 (1989)

Percentage of under height under five children

Source: PAR 2004, BLSS 2003

56% (1989) 19% 40% 3.8% 1.9% Insufficient data 19% 28% Achieved On track Strong Good Strong

5

Goal 1 (b): Challenges

• Achieving Food Security in the light of significant agriculture constraints • Factors of low productivity, limited arable land and small land holdings • Nutrition of women and children – pregnant women and anemia. Poor nutritional practices 6

Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education

TARGET Ensure that by 2015, children everywhere , boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling Indicators

Gross Primary Enrollment Rate

1990 2000 2004 2015 Status of Progress State of Supportive Environment 55% 72% 84% 100% On track Strong

Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5

73% 91% 94% 100% On track Strong 86% 100% On track Strong

Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 7

Source: General Statistics, MoE, RGoB

35% 81%

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Goal 2: Challenges

• Enhancing outreach of primary education to children in rural and remote communities • Disparities in educational enrollments and attainment between urban and rural areas • Retention of children and reducing early school drop outs 8

Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

TARGET Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 and to all levels of education no later than 2015 Indicators 1990 2000 2004 2015 Status of Progress State of Supportive Environment

Ratio of girls to boys in primary schools (%)

69 (1991) 82 95 100 On track Strong

Ratio of girls to boys in secondary schools (%)

43 (1991) 78 96 100 On track Strong

Ratio of females to males in tertiary institutes (%)

12 (1991)

Source: General Statistics, Ministry of Education, 2004, 2000, 1991

41 53 100 Needs attention Good

9

Goal 3: Challenges

• Ensuring higher levels of female enrollment in tertiary education levels including vocational training • Raising the Low levels of female adult literacy which have been assessed at half of men • Promoting women’s fuller engagement in the economic and political life 10

Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality

TARGET Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate Indicators

Under-Five mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births)

1990 123 2000 84 2004 2015 41 Status of Progress On track State of Supportive Environment Strong

Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births) Proportion of Children covered under immunization programme

90 84% 60.5

85% 30 90% (with card) >95% On track On track Strong Strong

Source: NHS, 1990, 1994, 2000, Bhutan National EPI Coverage Evaluation Survey 2002.

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Goal 4: Challenges

• Improving access, utilization and quality of child health care services in rural communities 12

Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health

TARGET Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio Indicators

Maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) Delivery by skilled health personnel (%)

1990 2000 2003 560 255 15% 24% 32% 2015 140 100% Status of Progress On track State of Supportive Environment Strong Needs attention Good

Source: NHS, 1990, 1994, 2000 Annual Health Bulletins 2003

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Goal 5: Challenges

• Shortage of human resources and lack of obstetric equipment & facilities • Dispersed & isolated nature of settlements • Cultural and awareness barriers that inhibit utilization of maternal health services 14

Goal 6(a): Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases

TARGET Halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS Indicators 1990 2000 2004 2015 Status of Progress State of Supportive Environment Strong

HIV cases detected

0 38

Contraception Prevalence Rate

18.8% (1994) 30.7%

Source: NHS, 1990, 1994, 2000 Annual Health Bulletins 2003

72 (Feb 2005) Insufficient data 60%

(national target)

Unlikely Good

15

Goal 6 (a): Challenges

• Lacking a national policy framework on HIV/AIDS • Low condom usage • Shortage of trained and qualified personnel in the treatment and care of HIV/AIDS 16

Goal 6(b): Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases

TARGET : Halt and begin to reverse the spread of Malaria and Other Major Diseases Indicators 1990 2000 2004 2015 Status of Progress

No of malaria cases [cases per 100,000]

22,126 (1991) [3,687 per 100,000] 5,935 2,760 [366 per 100,000]

Tuberculosis incidence [ cases per 100,000]

720 168

Source: NHS, 1990, 1994, 2000 Annual Health Bulletins 2003

133 Potentially Potentially State of Supportive Environment Strong Strong

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Goal 6 (b): Challenges

Malaria • Control of border malaria • Dengue and JE outbreak risks • Inaccessibility of large tracts of mosquito breeding grounds due to dense vegetation and forests 18

Goal 6 (b): Challenges

Tuberculosis • To reduce TB related diseases • Low case detection rate • Lack and shortage of human other resources 19

Goal 7 (a): Ensure Environmental Sustainability

TARGET Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources Indicators 1990 2000 2003 2015 Status of Progress State of Supportive Environment On track Strong

Proportion of land area covered by forest Ratio of protected area to surface area for maintaining biological diversity CO

2

(per capita) Emissions

72.5% 23% - 5.89

tons (1994) 72.5% 26% 72.5% 29% -

Proportion of population using solid fuels(i.e.wood, charcoal, dung )

Source: State of the Environment 2001,

75% 70% On track On track Insufficient data Strong Strong Strong

20

Goal 7 (a): Challenges

• Land degradation • Biodiversity Loss • Urban environmental degradation 21

Goal 7(b): Ensure Environmental Sustainability

TARGET Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation Indicators 1990 2000

Proportion of Population without sustainable access to an improved water source

55% 22%

Proportion of Population without access to improved sanitation

33% 12%

Source: BLSS 2003, PAR 2004, CSO Statistical Yearbooks

2003 16% 2015 27.5% 7.4% (of HHs) 17.5% Status of Progress Achieved Achieved State of Supportive Environment Strong Strong

22

Goal 7(b):Challenges

• Coverage and quality levels for water and sanitation in rural areas • Distance from water source • To adapt alternative 23

Goal 8 (a): Develop a Global Partnership for Development

TARGET In cooperation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth Indicators 1990 2000 2004 2015 Status of Progress State of Supportive Environment

Unemployment rate (15-24 )

Source: NLFS, 1998, 2004

-

1.4% (1998) 2.5% Insufficient data Strong

24

Goal 8 (b): Develop a Global Partnership for Development

TARGET In cooperation with the private sector make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communication technology Indicators 1990 2000 2004 2015 Status of Progress State of Supportive Environment

Fixed Telephone Lines in Service Telephone density (per 100 persons)

4,052 0.68

16,580 2.4

30,420 4 -

Computers in use ( per 100 persons) Internet users (per 100 persons)

0.58

(2001) 0.43

(2001) 1.0

-

Source: National Statistical Bureau, 1990,2000,2003, ICT Annual Report 2004-2005, ICT Survey 2001

On track Strong

25

Goal 8 (b): Challenges

• Financial sustainability of Rural Telecom services • Appropriate technology that is cost effective • Shortage of skilled human resources in ICT 26

Concluding Remarks

• Meeting the MDGs will be challenging but potentially achievable.

• In 2006/2007, Planning Commission coordinated MDG Needs Assessment exercise involving all stakeholders with UNDP and RCC’s technical guidance and support • The Needs Assessment Report is being finalized • There is opportunity to mainstream the MDG concerns into the 10 th Plan » Thank You.

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