Transcript Slide 1
Chapter 16 Lecture
Addiction and
Substance
Abuse
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Learning Objectives
• Define substance abuse and addiction
• Outline the acute effects of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine on the
body
• List several guidelines that can be used to maintain control over
alcohol use
• Outline the behavioral and physiological effects of alcohol as a
function of the level of alcohol in the blood
• Discuss the long-term health consequences of alcohol, marijuana,
and cocaine use
• Describe the addictive properties of tobacco and the impact of
prolonged tobacco use on health
• Describe the acute effects of caffeine on the body
• Outline products that contain caffeine and list the pros and cons of
caffeine use
• Identify ways to reduce your risk of drug use
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What Is Addiction?
• Habitual psychological/physical dependence on
substance/practice beyond voluntary control
• Associated with the traits of
– Reinforcement leading to craving
– Loss of control
– Escalation
– Negative outcomes
– Denial
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What Is Addiction? (cont.)
• Addiction can involve a substance and/or
behavior
– Substances: drugs, alcohol, tobacco
– Behaviors: gambling, Internet usage,
pornography, sex, gaming, eating, shoplifting,
or exercising
• Addiction can be physical and/or psychological
– Chemical dependence
– Withdrawal symptoms
– Tolerance
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Causes of Addiction
Numerous Potential Causes
• Types of drug used
• Genetics
• Brain chemistry
• Psychological makeup
• Social factors
• Personality characteristics
• Heredity
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Substance Abuse
Substance Abuse
• Use of illegal or inappropriate use of legal drugs to
produce pleasure, to alleviate stress, or to alter/avoid
reality
• Drug use interferes with other areas of one's life, such
as grades, work, relationships, or legal issues
Commonly Abused Substances
• Alcohol
• Illicit drugs, including
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marijuana, cocaine, heroin
hallucinogens
inhalants
tranquilizers
stimulants
sedatives
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Psychoactive Drugs
• User experiences altered state of consciousness
• Examples
– Marijuana (stimulant)
– Cocaine (powerful stimulant)
– "Club drugs" – Ecstasy, LSD, GHB,
methamphetamine (addictive stimulant)
– Prescription drugs – OxyContin
– Over-the-counter drugs—cough suppressants
and expectorants
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Health Effects of Psychoactive Drugs
• Long-term marijuana use
– Psychological dependence/lung damage
• Long-term cocaine use
– Cardiovascular effects, respiratory effects,
neurological effects, GI problems
• Long-term methamphetamine use
– Paranoia, aggressiveness, extreme anorexia,
memory loss, hallucinations, delusions, and
dental problems
• Drug use/abuse by pregnant women = serious
health effects on developing fetus
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Alcohol
• Most widely used recreational drug in United
States and most popular on college campuses
• 63% of college students use alcohol and 31%
abuse it
• Central nervous system depressant
– Impaired vision, slowed reaction time,
impaired motor coordination
• Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) determines
extent of central nervous system depression
• BAC determined by amount of alcohol
consumed, and rate alcohol metabolized by
body
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BAC Chart
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Standard Alcoholic Drink Sizes
Ethyl alcohol is the psychoactive ingredient in all alcoholic beverages. A
standard drink is defined as a 12-ounce beer, a 1.5-ounce cocktail
drink, or a 5-ounce glass of wine. Each of these contains approximately
0.6 ounce of ethyl alcohol.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Alcohol Abuse/Addiction
Alcohol Abuse
• Four criteria of abuse
– Alcohol use in hazardous situations
– Alcohol-related school problems
– Recurrent interpersonal problems
– Recurrent legal problems
Alcohol Addiction (alcoholism)
• Alcohol dependence
• Involves craving alcohol/not being able to
control impulse to drink
• Binge drinking
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Effects of Alcohol Abuse
• Liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis) = liver failure/death
• Damage to central nervous system = brain
damage
• Increased risk for cancers of the esophagus,
pancreas, stomach, mouth, tongue, and liver
• During pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol
syndrome/other birth defects
• Physical, behavioral, and learning problems
See Lab 16.1: Alcohol Abuse Inventory
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Tobacco
• Contains nicotine: most heavily used addictive drug in United
States
• Cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and pipe tobacco
• Nicotine addiction
– Provides immediate "psychological kick"
– Causes withdrawal symptoms
• Secondhand smoke contains toxic chemicals
Health Effects of Tobacco Use
• Tobacco smoking: leading cause of death in United States,
accounting for one in five deaths per year
• Increases cancer risk: lung, larynx, esophagus, pancreas,
bladder, and kidney
• Woman smokers: likely to lose baby during pregnancy and/or to
have low birth weight babies
See Lab 16.2: Tobacco Usage Inventory
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Caffeine
• Substance in coffee, tea, soft drinks, chocolate,
and certain medications
• Stimulates central nervous system (CNS) within
15 minutes
• Moderate doses (2–4 cups of coffee) increases
alertness/provide an energy boost
• Large doses = restlessness and irritability
– insomnia, headaches, and abnormal heart
rhythms
• Creates psychological dependence
• Withdrawal symptoms = headache, muscle pain,
and fatigue
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Anabolic Steroids
• Synthetic male sex hormones (e.g. testosterone)
• Available by prescription (tablet or ointment)
• Health Effects
– Psychological effects: aggressiveness, uncontrolled
bouts of anger ("roid rage"), depression
– Liver cysts and cancer
– Increased blood cholesterol, increased blood clotting
– Hypertension, reduced sperm count, testicular
shrinkage, impotence
– Irreversible breast enlargement in men, and
development of masculine characteristics in women
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Drug Abuse Avoidance Strategies
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Find productive ways to increase self-esteem
Learn and practice stress-coping techniques
Develop varied interests
Practice assertiveness
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Summary
• Alcohol, nicotine (tobacco products), marijuana,
and cocaine are the most widely used and
abused drugs in the United States
• Alcohol is the single most common recreational
drug used in the United States
• Use of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine
increases your risk of accidents, and prolonged
use may result in psychological dependence,
physical addiction, and damaged health
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Summary (cont.)
• Tobacco use can lead to an addiction to nicotine and
prolonged use leads to increased risk of heart attack,
stroke, and cancer
• Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant
found in common foods and beverages. It is currently
unclear whether chronic consumption is a significant
health risk
• Long-term use of anabolic steroids can cause
psychological and physiological side effects
• Decrease your risk of abusing drugs by increasing your
self-esteem, learning how to cope with stress,
developing numerous interests, and practicing
assertiveness
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.